Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PCP > Chapter 6 Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • lines hollow organs within the body
  • provides a protective barrier
  • plays roles in the absorption of nutrients in the intestines and secretion of various body substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • binds other types of tissues together
  • bone and cartilage are subtypes of connective tissue
  • Adipose tissue is a special type of connective tissue that contains large amounts of lipids (fat)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Extracellular matrix

A
  • nonliving substance consisting of protein fibers, nonfibrous protein, and fluid that separates connective tissue cells from one another
  • collagen is the major protein within the extracellular matrix
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Muscle tissue

A

-characterized by its ability to contract
-enclosed by fascia
-structually, stirated or nonstirated (also called smooth)
-functionally, voluntary or involuntary
3 types: skeletal (stirated, voluntary)
cardiac (stirated, involuntary)
smooth (nonstirated, involuntary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nerve tissue

A

-transmits nerve impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Axons

A

conducts electrical impulses away from the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dendrites

A

receive electrical impulses from the axons of other nerve cells and conduct them toward the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Synapse

A

the gap that separates nerve cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cell signaling

A

process by which cells communicate electrochemically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ligands

A

molecules that bind to any receptor, leading to any reaction

-common ligands are hormones, neurotransmitters and electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Atrophy

A

decrease in cell size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in size of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dysplasia

A

alteration in form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Metaplasia

A

refers to the reversible, cellular adaptation in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type (cancer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Plasma

A
  • 55% of blood

- composed of 91% water, and 9% plasma proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Plasma proteins include (4)

A
  • albumin (maintains osmotic pressure)
  • globulin
  • fibrinogen
  • prothrombin (assists during clotting)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Edema

A
  • occurs when excess fluid builds up in the interstitial space
  • peripheral edema is the most common
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ascites

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Edema causes

A
  • increased capillary pressure
  • decreased colloidal osmotic pressure in the capillaries
  • decreased production of plasma proteins
  • lymphatic vessel obstruction due to infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

3 types of receptors that monitors the body’s state of hydration

A
  • osmoreceptors, monitor extracellular fluid osmolarity
  • volume-sensitive receptors, located in the atria
  • baroreceptors, found primarily in the carotid artery, aorta, and kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sodium is regulated primarily by

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Renin

A

protein released by the kidneys into the bloodstream in response to changes in blood pressure, blood flow, the amount of sodium in the tubular fluid, and glomerular filtration rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Angiotensin 2

A
  • stimulates sodium resorption by the renal tubules

- responsible for stimulating the secretion of aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Aldosterone

A

acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium into the blood and enhance the elimination of potassium in the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Tonicity

A

refers to the tension exerted on a cell due to water movement across the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

when cells are placed in an isotonic solution

A

they neither shrink nor swell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

when cells are placed in a hypertonic solution

A

water is pulled out of the cells and they shrink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

when cells are placed in a hypotonic solution

A

they swell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

isotonic fluid deficit

A

decrease in extracellular fluid with proportionate losses of sodium and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

isotonic fluid excess

A

proportionate increase in both sodium and water in the extracellular fluid compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

hypertonic fluid deficit

A

excess body water loss without a proportionate sodium loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

hypotonic fluid deficit

A

excessive sodium loss with less water loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Normal physiologic pH range

A

7.35 to 7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Buffers

A

molecules that modulate changes in pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

pH greater than 7.45 is called

A

alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

pH less than 7.35 is called

A

acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Kussmaul respirations

A

deep, rapid, sighing ventilations

39
Q

Hypoxic injury

A
  • common, and often deadly cause of cellular injury
  • result from decreased amounts of oxygen in the air or loss of hemoglobin function, a decreased number of rbc’s, disease of the respiratory or cardiovascular system, or loss of cytochrome function
40
Q

Free radicals

A

randomly attack cells and membranes to “steal back” missing electrons

41
Q

Types of cell injuries

A
  • hypoxia
  • ischemia
  • chemical
  • infectious
  • immunologic
  • physical
  • inflammatory
42
Q

Virulence

A

measures the disease-causing ability of a micro-organism

43
Q

Location of virus replication

A

inside the host cell

44
Q

2 ways an abnormal gene may develop

A
  • mutation of the gene during meiosis

- heredity

45
Q

Apoptosis

A
  • normal cell death
  • die in well-defined clusters
  • can be activated prematurely by pathologic factors
46
Q

Simple necrosis

A

refers to areas of necrosis where the gross and microscopic tissue and some of the cells are recognizable

47
Q

Derived necrosis

A

includes caseation necrosis, dry gangrene, fat necrosis, and liquefaction necrosis

48
Q

Dry gangrene

A

invasion and putrefaction of necrotic tissue after the blood supply is compromised

49
Q

caseation necrosis

A

loss of all features of the tissue and cells

50
Q

Factors causing disease (4)

A
  • genetic
  • environmental
  • age-related
  • sex-associated
51
Q

Studies of disease: definitions of incidence, prevalence and mortality

A
  • incidence: frequency of disease occurance
  • prevalence: number of cases in a particular population over time
  • mortality: number of deaths from a disease in a given population
52
Q

genetic risk

A

passed through generations by inheritance of a gene

53
Q

familial tendency

A

cluster in family groups despite lack of evidence for heritable gene-associated abnormalities

54
Q

Autosomal recessive

A
  • pattern of inheritance that involves genes located on autosomes
  • a person needs to inherit two copies of the gene to show the trait
55
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

person only needs to inherit one copy of particular gene to show trait

56
Q

hemolytic anemia:

A

increased destruction of red blood cells

57
Q

hemochromatosis:

A

body absorbs more iron than it needs

58
Q

gout:

A

abnormal accumulation of uric acid

59
Q

perfusion:

A

delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of waters from the cells, organs, and tissues by the circulatory system

60
Q

hypoperfusion:

A

occurs when the level of tissue perfusion decreases below normal

61
Q

2 types of shock

A

Central: includes cardiogenic and obstructive
Peripheral: includes hypovolemic and distributive

62
Q

cardiogenic shock:

A

heart cannot circulate enough blood to maintain adequate peripheral oxygen delivery

63
Q

obstructive shock:

A

blood flow becomes blocked in the heart or vessels

64
Q

hypovolemic shock:

A

circulating blood volume is unable to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to the body.

2 types:

  • exogenous
  • endogenous
65
Q

distributive shock:

A 
occurs when there is widespread dilation of the resistance vessels, the capacitance vessels, or both. The circulating blood volume then pools in the expanded vascular beds, and tissue perfusion decreases.
3 most common types:
-anaphylactic
-septic
-neurogenic
66
Q

multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS):

A
  • progressive condition usually characterized by concurrent failure of several organs
  • mortality rate of 60%-90%
67
Q

2 primary lymphoid tissues:

A
  • bone marrow

- thymus gland

68
Q

red bone marrow:

A

essential for formation of mature blood cells; it produces B lymphocytes

69
Q

lymph:

A

thin, watery fluid that bathes the tissues of the body

70
Q

mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT):

A

contain immune cells that are in a position to intercept pathogens before they reach the general circulation

71
Q

5 types of leukocytes:

A
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
  • neutrophils
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
72
Q

mast cells:

A

play a role in allergic reactions, immunity, and wound healing

73
Q

native immunity:

A

nonspecific cellular response that is the first line of defense against pathogens and is associated with the initial inflammatory response

74
Q

acquired immunity:

A

method by which armies of cells respond to an immune stimulant when body is exposed to a foreign substance or disease and produces antibodies to that invader

75
Q

hapten:

A

substance that normally does not stimulate an immune response but that can be combined with an antigen and, at a later time, initiate a specific antibody response on its own

76
Q

immunoglobulins:

A
  • antibodies secreted by B cells

- Y-shaped protein that bind only on a specific antigen

77
Q

killer t cells:

A

destroy the antigen

78
Q

helper t cells:

A

activate many immune cells

79
Q

suppressor t cells:

A

suppress the activity of other lymphocytes so they do not destroy normal tissue

80
Q

memory t cells:

A

remember the reaction for the next time it is needed

81
Q

chemotaxins:

A

attract leukocytes from the circulation to help fight the infection

82
Q

fibrin:

A

protein that bonds to form a blood clot

83
Q

cellular event sequence

A
  1. margination
  2. activation
  3. adhesion
  4. transmigration
  5. chemotaxis
84
Q

cytokines:

A

products of cells that affect the function of other cells

85
Q

interleukins:

A

attract white blood cells to the sites of injury and invasion

86
Q

interferon:

A

protein produced by cells when invaded by viruses

87
Q

function of lymphokines

A

stimulate leukocytes

88
Q

4 steps of wound healing

A
  • repair of damaged tissue
  • removal of inflammatory debris
  • restoration of tissues
  • regeneration of cells
89
Q

labile cells:

A

divide continuously, so organs derived from these cells heal completely

90
Q

stable cells:

A

replaced by regeneration from remaining cells, which are stimulated to enter mitosis

91
Q

permanent cells:

A

cannot be replaced, scar tissue is laid down instead

92
Q

4 types of hypersensitivity reactions

A

type 1- an acute reaction that occurs in response to a stimulus
type 2- are cytotoxic and classically involve the combination of IgG or IgM antibodies with antigens on the cell membrane
type 3- involve primarily IgG antibodies that form immune complexes with antigen to recruit phagocytic cells, to a site where they can release inflammatory cytokines
type 4- allergic responses, also known as cell-mediated hypersensitivity, are primarily mediated by soluble molecules that are released by specifically activated T cells

93
Q

Rh factor:

A
  • antigen that is present in the red blood cells

- blood types are based on the presence or absence of these specific antigens

94
Q

general adaptation syndrome: 3 stages

A

-introduced by Hans Selye in the 1920s
-characterizes a 3 stage reaction to stressors, both physical and emotional
Stage 1: Alarm
Stage 2: Resistance
Stage 3: Exhaustion

PCP (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions