Chapter 6 Pathophysiology Flashcards
1
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
- lines hollow organs within the body
- provides a protective barrier
- plays roles in the absorption of nutrients in the intestines and secretion of various body substances
2
Q
Connective tissue
A
- binds other types of tissues together
- bone and cartilage are subtypes of connective tissue
- Adipose tissue is a special type of connective tissue that contains large amounts of lipids (fat)
3
Q
Extracellular matrix
A
- nonliving substance consisting of protein fibers, nonfibrous protein, and fluid that separates connective tissue cells from one another
- collagen is the major protein within the extracellular matrix
4
Q
Muscle tissue
A
-characterized by its ability to contract
-enclosed by fascia
-structually, stirated or nonstirated (also called smooth)
-functionally, voluntary or involuntary
3 types: skeletal (stirated, voluntary)
cardiac (stirated, involuntary)
smooth (nonstirated, involuntary)
5
Q
Nerve tissue
A
-transmits nerve impulses
6
Q
Axons
A
conducts electrical impulses away from the cell
7
Q
Dendrites
A
receive electrical impulses from the axons of other nerve cells and conduct them toward the cell body
8
Q
Synapse
A
the gap that separates nerve cells
9
Q
Cell signaling
A
process by which cells communicate electrochemically
10
Q
Ligands
A
molecules that bind to any receptor, leading to any reaction
-common ligands are hormones, neurotransmitters and electrolytes
11
Q
Atrophy
A
decrease in cell size
12
Q
Hypertrophy
A
increase in size of cells
13
Q
Hyperplasia
A
increase in number of cells
14
Q
Dysplasia
A
alteration in form
15
Q
Metaplasia
A
refers to the reversible, cellular adaptation in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type (cancer)
16
Q
Plasma
A
- 55% of blood
- composed of 91% water, and 9% plasma proteins
17
Q
Plasma proteins include (4)
A
- albumin (maintains osmotic pressure)
- globulin
- fibrinogen
- prothrombin (assists during clotting)
18
Q
Edema
A
- occurs when excess fluid builds up in the interstitial space
- peripheral edema is the most common
19
Q
Ascites
A
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
20
Q
Edema causes
A
- increased capillary pressure
- decreased colloidal osmotic pressure in the capillaries
- decreased production of plasma proteins
- lymphatic vessel obstruction due to infection
21
Q
3 types of receptors that monitors the body’s state of hydration
A
- osmoreceptors, monitor extracellular fluid osmolarity
- volume-sensitive receptors, located in the atria
- baroreceptors, found primarily in the carotid artery, aorta, and kidneys
22
Q
Sodium is regulated primarily by
A
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
23
Q
Renin
A
protein released by the kidneys into the bloodstream in response to changes in blood pressure, blood flow, the amount of sodium in the tubular fluid, and glomerular filtration rate
24
Q
Angiotensin 2
A
- stimulates sodium resorption by the renal tubules
- responsible for stimulating the secretion of aldosterone
25
Aldosterone
acts on the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of sodium into the blood and enhance the elimination of potassium in the urine
26
Tonicity
refers to the tension exerted on a cell due to water movement across the cell membrane
27
when cells are placed in an isotonic solution
they neither shrink nor swell
28
when cells are placed in a hypertonic solution
water is pulled out of the cells and they shrink
29
when cells are placed in a hypotonic solution
they swell
30
isotonic fluid deficit
decrease in extracellular fluid with proportionate losses of sodium and water
31
isotonic fluid excess
proportionate increase in both sodium and water in the extracellular fluid compartment
32
hypertonic fluid deficit
excess body water loss without a proportionate sodium loss
33
hypotonic fluid deficit
excessive sodium loss with less water loss
34
Normal physiologic pH range
7.35 to 7.45
35
Buffers
molecules that modulate changes in pH
36
pH greater than 7.45 is called
alkalosis
37
pH less than 7.35 is called
acidosis
38
Kussmaul respirations
deep, rapid, sighing ventilations
39
Hypoxic injury
- common, and often deadly cause of cellular injury
- result from decreased amounts of oxygen in the air or loss of hemoglobin function, a decreased number of rbc's, disease of the respiratory or cardiovascular system, or loss of cytochrome function
40
Free radicals
randomly attack cells and membranes to "steal back" missing electrons
41
Types of cell injuries
- hypoxia
- ischemia
- chemical
- infectious
- immunologic
- physical
- inflammatory
42
Virulence
measures the disease-causing ability of a micro-organism
43
Location of virus replication
inside the host cell
44
2 ways an abnormal gene may develop
- mutation of the gene during meiosis
| - heredity
45
Apoptosis
- normal cell death
- die in well-defined clusters
- can be activated prematurely by pathologic factors
46
Simple necrosis
refers to areas of necrosis where the gross and microscopic tissue and some of the cells are recognizable
47
Derived necrosis
includes caseation necrosis, dry gangrene, fat necrosis, and liquefaction necrosis
48
Dry gangrene
invasion and putrefaction of necrotic tissue after the blood supply is compromised
49
caseation necrosis
loss of all features of the tissue and cells
50
Factors causing disease (4)
- genetic
- environmental
- age-related
- sex-associated
51
Studies of disease: definitions of incidence, prevalence and mortality
- incidence: frequency of disease occurance
- prevalence: number of cases in a particular population over time
- mortality: number of deaths from a disease in a given population
52
genetic risk
passed through generations by inheritance of a gene
53
familial tendency
cluster in family groups despite lack of evidence for heritable gene-associated abnormalities
54
Autosomal recessive
- pattern of inheritance that involves genes located on autosomes
- a person needs to inherit two copies of the gene to show the trait
55
Autosomal dominant
person only needs to inherit one copy of particular gene to show trait
56
hemolytic anemia:
increased destruction of red blood cells
57
hemochromatosis:
body absorbs more iron than it needs
58
gout:
abnormal accumulation of uric acid
59
perfusion:
delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of waters from the cells, organs, and tissues by the circulatory system
60
hypoperfusion:
occurs when the level of tissue perfusion decreases below normal
61
2 types of shock
Central: includes cardiogenic and obstructive
Peripheral: includes hypovolemic and distributive
62
cardiogenic shock:
heart cannot circulate enough blood to maintain adequate peripheral oxygen delivery
63
obstructive shock:
blood flow becomes blocked in the heart or vessels
64
hypovolemic shock:
circulating blood volume is unable to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to the body.
2 types:
- exogenous
- endogenous
65
distributive shock:
```
occurs when there is widespread dilation of the resistance vessels, the capacitance vessels, or both. The circulating blood volume then pools in the expanded vascular beds, and tissue perfusion decreases.
3 most common types:
-anaphylactic
-septic
-neurogenic
```
66
multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS):
- progressive condition usually characterized by concurrent failure of several organs
- mortality rate of 60%-90%
67
2 primary lymphoid tissues:
- bone marrow
| - thymus gland
68
red bone marrow:
essential for formation of mature blood cells; it produces B lymphocytes
69
lymph:
thin, watery fluid that bathes the tissues of the body
70
mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT):
contain immune cells that are in a position to intercept pathogens before they reach the general circulation
71
5 types of leukocytes:
- basophils
- eosinophils
- neutrophils
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
72
mast cells:
play a role in allergic reactions, immunity, and wound healing
73
native immunity:
nonspecific cellular response that is the first line of defense against pathogens and is associated with the initial inflammatory response
74
acquired immunity:
method by which armies of cells respond to an immune stimulant when body is exposed to a foreign substance or disease and produces antibodies to that invader
75
hapten:
substance that normally does not stimulate an immune response but that can be combined with an antigen and, at a later time, initiate a specific antibody response on its own
76
immunoglobulins:
- antibodies secreted by B cells
| - Y-shaped protein that bind only on a specific antigen
77
killer t cells:
destroy the antigen
78
helper t cells:
activate many immune cells
79
suppressor t cells:
suppress the activity of other lymphocytes so they do not destroy normal tissue
80
memory t cells:
remember the reaction for the next time it is needed
81
chemotaxins:
attract leukocytes from the circulation to help fight the infection
82
fibrin:
protein that bonds to form a blood clot
83
cellular event sequence
1. margination
2. activation
3. adhesion
4. transmigration
5. chemotaxis
84
cytokines:
products of cells that affect the function of other cells
85
interleukins:
attract white blood cells to the sites of injury and invasion
86
interferon:
protein produced by cells when invaded by viruses
87
function of lymphokines
stimulate leukocytes
88
4 steps of wound healing
- repair of damaged tissue
- removal of inflammatory debris
- restoration of tissues
- regeneration of cells
89
labile cells:
divide continuously, so organs derived from these cells heal completely
90
stable cells:
replaced by regeneration from remaining cells, which are stimulated to enter mitosis
91
permanent cells:
cannot be replaced, scar tissue is laid down instead
92
4 types of hypersensitivity reactions
type 1- an acute reaction that occurs in response to a stimulus
type 2- are cytotoxic and classically involve the combination of IgG or IgM antibodies with antigens on the cell membrane
type 3- involve primarily IgG antibodies that form immune complexes with antigen to recruit phagocytic cells, to a site where they can release inflammatory cytokines
type 4- allergic responses, also known as cell-mediated hypersensitivity, are primarily mediated by soluble molecules that are released by specifically activated T cells
93
Rh factor:
- antigen that is present in the red blood cells
| - blood types are based on the presence or absence of these specific antigens
94
general adaptation syndrome: 3 stages
-introduced by Hans Selye in the 1920s
-characterizes a 3 stage reaction to stressors, both physical and emotional
Stage 1: Alarm
Stage 2: Resistance
Stage 3: Exhaustion
