Chapter 6 - New Industrial Age

Question 0

Who used a steam engine to drill oil? (The process was limited to transform the oil into kerosene and throw out the gasoline.)

Answer 0

Edwin Drake

Question 1

By 1920, the U.S was leading industrial power in the world. What were the three factors to this enormous growth?

Answer 1

1) Natural resources
2) Governmental support
3) Urbanization

Question 2

What was the Bessemer Steel Process?

Answer 2

Removed carbon from iron, that resulted a lighter, more flexible and rust resistant compound. (Henry Bessemer and William Kelly)

Question 3

What were the two main things that was plentiful within the U.S?

Answer 3

Coal and iron!

Question 4

What were the uses of steel?

Answer 4

Railroads.

Also, barbed wire, farm equipment, bridge construction (Brooklyn Bridge 1883) and the first skyscraper.

Question 5

In 1876 what did Thomas Alva establish?

Answer 5

He established the world’s first research lab in New Jersey in which he perfected the incandescent lightbulb in 1880.

Question 6

Who was Christopher Soles?

Answer 6

He invented the typewriter in 1867.

Question 7

Another important invention in the late 19th century was the ________.

Answer 7

Telephone, invented by Alexander Graham and Thomas Watson in 1876.

Question 8

The unchecked power of the railroad companies led to widespread ______and then reforms.

Answer 8

ABUSEEEE!

Question 9

By 1869, tracks had been laid across the continent called _____________.

Answer 9

Golden Spike -Utah

Question 10

Who were the main immigrants who built the Golden Spike- Utah railroad?

Answer 10

Immigrants from China, Ireland, and out-of-work Civil war vets provided most of the difficult labor.

Question 11

Due to the difficulties of railroad and time in 1869, to remedy this problem Professer C.F. Dowd proposed what?

Answer 11

He proposed to divide the earth into 24 different time zones. The U.S would be divided into 4 zones. (Central, Mountain, Pacific, and the eastern)

Question 12

By 1884, the International Conference…

Answer 12

Adopted the time zones Prof. C.F Dowd proposed.

Question 13

The rapid growth of railroad industry and railroads led to what?

Answer 13

Influenced iron, coal, steel, lumber, and glass businesses as they tried to keep up with the railroads demands for materials, and the growth of towns, new markets, and opportunities for profiteers.

Question 14

What major cities led to their own legacy because of the railroad?

Answer 14

Chicago, Minneapolis, Denver, and Seattle.

Question 15

Who was George Pullman and why was he important?

Answer 15

George Pullman built a factory in 1880 for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars in Illinois.

Question 16

What was one mistake Pullman shouldnt have done?

Answer 16

He lowered wages but not rent, which led to a violent strike in 1894

Question 17

What was the credit mobilier scandal?

Answer 17

Stockholders of Union Pacific Railroad formed a construction company in 1864 that gave contracts to the company to lay track 3 times the actual costs and pocketed the difference. They donated shares of the stock to 20 Republican members of congress in 1867.

Question 18

What are grangers?

Answer 18

A farmers organization that protested land deals, price fixing, and charging different rates to different customers.

Question 19

The Granger Law

Answer 19

Protected farmers. States were given refulation control of railroads by the Courts.

Question 20

Interstate Commerce Act

Answer 20

In 1887, the federal government re-established their control over railroad activities and passed the Interstate commerce act which gained power until 1906.

Question 21

Andrew Carnegie

Answer 21

One of the first industrial moguls. He entered the steel industry in 1873 which became the most manufactured company who made more steel than all the factories in Great Britain combined in 1899.

Question 22

What were Carnegie’s business practices?

Answer 22

• searching for ways to make better products more cheaply.
• accounting systems to track expenses
• attracting quality people by offering them stock and benefits.

Question 23

What was vertical integration?

Answer 23

Carnegie bought out his suppliers in order to control materials and transportations.

Question 24

What is horizontal integration?

Answer 24

Carnegie bought companies that produce similar products- in case other steel companies.

Question 25

What is a monopoly?

Answer 25

A complete control over an industry.

Question 26

What would be an example of a monopoly?

Answer 26

In 1870, Rockefeller Standard Oil Company owned 2% of the country’s crude oil. By 1880 it controlled 90% of the U.S crude oil.

Question 27

Social Darwinism

Answer 27

Darwin theorized that some individuals in species to flourish and pass their trairs on whole others do not.

Question 28

Social Darwinists (Herbert Spencer) believed riches was a sign of God’s favor, and being poor was a sign of ___________ and laziness.

Answer 28

Inferiority

Question 29

Robber Barons

Answer 29

Alarmed at the cut-throat tactics of industrialists (carnegie, rockefeller, vanderbilt, stanford, and J.P morgan)

Question 30

Robber Barons were generous too.

Answer 30

The rich gave away lots of money called “philanthropy”
Cargnie built libraries
Rockefeller, stanford, and vanderbilt built schools.

Question 31

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Answer 31

In 1890 it made it illegal to form a monopoly (trust)

Question 32

Workers in poor conditions

Answer 32

Worked 6-7 days a week and had no vacation. No sick to leave, no compensation for injuries.

Question 33

Labor unions emerged

Answer 33

In 1866 the first large -scale national organization of workers was national labor union.

Question 34

Samual Gompers

Answer 34

Became president of the American Federation of Labor

He focused on collective bargaining to improve conditions, wages and hours.

Question 35

Eugene Debs

Answer 35

Attempted this Industrial Union within the railway workers.

Question 36

The International Workers of the World (Wobblies)

Answer 36

Was the first such socialist union

Question 37

The Great Strike of 1877

Answer 37

Workers from Baltimore and Ohio railroad struck to protest wage cuts.

Question 38

The Haymarket Affair 1886

Answer 38

May 4, 1886
3,000 people gathered at Chicago’s Haymarket Square to protest.
A bomb exploded near the police killing 7 cops and several workers.
Radicals were rounded up and executed.

Question 39

The Homestead Strike 1892

Answer 39

Carnegie hired pinkerton detectives to guard the plant and allow scabs to work. 3 detectives died and 9 strikers died. The national guard restored order and workers returned to work.

Question 40

The Pullman Strike 1894

Answer 40

Pullman hired scabs and fired strikers- federal troops were brought in and Debs was jailed

Question 41

Mary Harris Jones

Answer 41

Organized the United Mine Workers of America

Nickname: Mother Jones

Question 42

Yellow Dog Contracts

Answer 42

Where employers forced new workers to sign it and swear that they would never join a union.