Chapter 6 - New Industrial Age Flashcards
Who used a steam engine to drill oil? (The process was limited to transform the oil into kerosene and throw out the gasoline.)
Edwin Drake
By 1920, the U.S was leading industrial power in the world. What were the three factors to this enormous growth?
1) Natural resources
2) Governmental support
3) Urbanization
What was the Bessemer Steel Process?
Removed carbon from iron, that resulted a lighter, more flexible and rust resistant compound. (Henry Bessemer and William Kelly)
What were the two main things that was plentiful within the U.S?
Coal and iron!
What were the uses of steel?
Railroads.
Also, barbed wire, farm equipment, bridge construction (Brooklyn Bridge 1883) and the first skyscraper.
In 1876 what did Thomas Alva establish?
He established the world’s first research lab in New Jersey in which he perfected the incandescent lightbulb in 1880.
Who was Christopher Soles?
He invented the typewriter in 1867.
Another important invention in the late 19th century was the ________.
Telephone, invented by Alexander Graham and Thomas Watson in 1876.
The unchecked power of the railroad companies led to widespread ______and then reforms.
ABUSEEEE!
By 1869, tracks had been laid across the continent called _____________.
Golden Spike -Utah
Who were the main immigrants who built the Golden Spike- Utah railroad?
Immigrants from China, Ireland, and out-of-work Civil war vets provided most of the difficult labor.
Due to the difficulties of railroad and time in 1869, to remedy this problem Professer C.F. Dowd proposed what?
He proposed to divide the earth into 24 different time zones. The U.S would be divided into 4 zones. (Central, Mountain, Pacific, and the eastern)
By 1884, the International Conference…
Adopted the time zones Prof. C.F Dowd proposed.
The rapid growth of railroad industry and railroads led to what?
Influenced iron, coal, steel, lumber, and glass businesses as they tried to keep up with the railroads demands for materials, and the growth of towns, new markets, and opportunities for profiteers.
What major cities led to their own legacy because of the railroad?
Chicago, Minneapolis, Denver, and Seattle.
Who was George Pullman and why was he important?
George Pullman built a factory in 1880 for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars in Illinois.
What was one mistake Pullman shouldnt have done?
He lowered wages but not rent, which led to a violent strike in 1894
What was the credit mobilier scandal?
Stockholders of Union Pacific Railroad formed a construction company in 1864 that gave contracts to the company to lay track 3 times the actual costs and pocketed the difference. They donated shares of the stock to 20 Republican members of congress in 1867.
What are grangers?
A farmers organization that protested land deals, price fixing, and charging different rates to different customers.
The Granger Law
Protected farmers. States were given refulation control of railroads by the Courts.
Interstate Commerce Act
In 1887, the federal government re-established their control over railroad activities and passed the Interstate commerce act which gained power until 1906.
Andrew Carnegie
One of the first industrial moguls. He entered the steel industry in 1873 which became the most manufactured company who made more steel than all the factories in Great Britain combined in 1899.
What were Carnegie’s business practices?
- searching for ways to make better products more cheaply.
- accounting systems to track expenses
- attracting quality people by offering them stock and benefits.
What was vertical integration?
Carnegie bought out his suppliers in order to control materials and transportations.
What is horizontal integration?
Carnegie bought companies that produce similar products- in case other steel companies.
What is a monopoly?
A complete control over an industry.
What would be an example of a monopoly?
In 1870, Rockefeller Standard Oil Company owned 2% of the country’s crude oil. By 1880 it controlled 90% of the U.S crude oil.
Social Darwinism
Darwin theorized that some individuals in species to flourish and pass their trairs on whole others do not.
Social Darwinists (Herbert Spencer) believed riches was a sign of God’s favor, and being poor was a sign of ___________ and laziness.
Inferiority
Robber Barons
Alarmed at the cut-throat tactics of industrialists (carnegie, rockefeller, vanderbilt, stanford, and J.P morgan)
Robber Barons were generous too.
The rich gave away lots of money called “philanthropy”
Cargnie built libraries
Rockefeller, stanford, and vanderbilt built schools.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
In 1890 it made it illegal to form a monopoly (trust)
Workers in poor conditions
Worked 6-7 days a week and had no vacation. No sick to leave, no compensation for injuries.
Labor unions emerged
In 1866 the first large -scale national organization of workers was national labor union.
Samual Gompers
Became president of the American Federation of Labor
He focused on collective bargaining to improve conditions, wages and hours.
Eugene Debs
Attempted this Industrial Union within the railway workers.
The International Workers of the World (Wobblies)
Was the first such socialist union
The Great Strike of 1877
Workers from Baltimore and Ohio railroad struck to protest wage cuts.
The Haymarket Affair 1886
May 4, 1886
3,000 people gathered at Chicago’s Haymarket Square to protest.
A bomb exploded near the police killing 7 cops and several workers.
Radicals were rounded up and executed.
The Homestead Strike 1892
Carnegie hired pinkerton detectives to guard the plant and allow scabs to work. 3 detectives died and 9 strikers died. The national guard restored order and workers returned to work.
The Pullman Strike 1894
Pullman hired scabs and fired strikers- federal troops were brought in and Debs was jailed
Mary Harris Jones
Organized the United Mine Workers of America
Nickname: Mother Jones
Yellow Dog Contracts
Where employers forced new workers to sign it and swear that they would never join a union.
