Chapter 6 Native American Indians Flashcards
What are the five variables of the identity square?
Race, culture, geographic locale, gender, and history
Some argue that “native American Indians” aren’t native people because they immigrated from
Asia across the Alaska Land Bridge
Crops the native Americans contributed
Corn, white potatoes, tomatoes, beans, squash, peanuts, cashews, chili pepper, sweet potatoes, tobacco, cotton, turkey, cranberries, and pumpkins.
European settlement on the East Coast happened between the years _______ Europeans had been visiting New England for more than 100 yrs before major settlement.
1492-1605
Today more than half the crops grown in the world were initially
Developed in the Americas
At the Beginning of European colonization there were
Several hundred tribes with kindred but unique cultures.
By 1776 several million native Americans comprising at least 100 Indian nations lived in what is now
The lower 48 United States speaking more than 750 languages.
The dominant group acted from a ________ point of view.
Conflict
_____________ is one of the clearest symbols of power and dominance.
Denying members of a group the right to vote
Soon after their arrival European colonizers began to see native Americans as
Lazy, bloodthirsty savages, and wild beasts.
Negative images like this of native Americans were reinforced by
The dime novels of the nineteenth century and later in movies and TV PROGRAMS, with images of cruel Native American warriors attacking helpless settlers.
Native Americans are a unique minority group because
They have been in what is now the USA longer than any other group and they were not an immigrant group as all other minority groups were.
The aboriginal population of the region which was to become the USA has been estimated as high as ______ persons. By the 1800 the native population was about 600,000 and fifty years later it was _______.
10 million; 250,000
The dominant group expressed both direct And indirect ________ and _______, forced native Americans _____________, and carried out __________.
Prejudice and ethnocentrism
Forced native Americans off their own lands and carried out genocide practices against them.
The dominant group saw the Western Hemisphere as ________ and the Native American groups as ________ which __________.
Unoccupied
Separate nations which bolstered separation and the conflict viewpoint.
The native Americans numbers decreased mainly due to what?
Lack of buffalo
Illness imported with the Europeans
Forceful removal of native Americans
Increasingly unmatched warfare w Europeans
Along with a lot of indirect and direct policies created
When was the first European American tried for the murder of a Native American?
The early 1900s
Native Americans like the ______ ___ held a _______ perspective.
Dominant group
Conflict
In response to the aggressive conflict of the dominant group native Americans engaged in ____ and ______ ________ and ________ __________.
Cultural and social separation and reactionary warfare
The native Americans desire for separation was the result of two types of action
Dominant group prejudice and discrimination AND the desire of Native American groups to maintain their unique lifestyle.
Why didn’t native Americans want to assimilate?
Unlike many people who immigrated voluntarily to the new world in hopes of dramatically improving their way of life and becoming part of the dominant culture Native Americans were already here and liked their own culture they saw their way as superior and had no desire to change.
A pattern of interaction between Native Americans and European Americans usually started with coexistence and cooperation followed by encroachment by the Europeans and finally
Conflict such as warfare, expulsion, or evacuation of the Native Americans.
The Indian Removal Act of 1830 called
Called for all Native Americans in the Southeastern United States to move West of the Mississippi River.
During the trail of tears more than _______ people died of famine and disease.
15,000
The trail of tears removal endured for
Two decades
The five tribes had achieved a high degree of
Cultural Assimilation living in houses, wearing clothes similar to the dominant group, speaking English and often becoming Christians.
Some tribes owned ______ ______
African slaves
Why were the five tribes referred to as the “Five Civilized Tribes?”
Because they had achieved a high degree of cultural assimilation
Did the five tribes high degree of cultural assimilation benefit them?
No the high degree of cultural assimilation did not benefit the minority group. Power, not culture, was the determining factor.
The dominant group assumed that the indians did not _____, treated the tribes as ___, and withheld the right to____ until the twentieth century.
own the land they occupied, treated the tribes as separate nations, and withheld the right to vote until well into the twentieth century.
Native Americans are the only group which was ___ and ___ by legislation.
uniformly addressed and oppressed
These laws, in the forms of ___, ___, ____, allowed the dominant group to maintain power.
treaties, acts of Congress, and executive mandates.
In the 1700s the British government in the colonies treated Native American tribes as ___ ___
independent nations
After independence the U.S. government continued the policy of treating NA tribes as independent nations but the perception changed to include three major things.
There was widespread perception that Native Americans (1) needed to be helped, (2) controlled, (3) and properly socialized.
In 1824 the ___ of ___ ___ was created to assist in these efforts.
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
The Appropriations Act of ___ and the ____ Act of 1887 were supposedly designed to
Appropriations Act of 1871 and the Dawes Act of 1887 were designed to help Native Americans assimilate or provide aid.
The Appropriations Act stated that tribes would no longer be ________
recognized as separate nations.
Under the Dawes Act reservations were ____
divided into tracts or plots of land to be allotted to tribal members.
The outcome of the Dawes Act was that it reduced the power of Native Americans. It resulted in a ______
large-scale land sale to white Americans
Through means fair and foul the remaining 140 million acres of native American lands were further reduced to
50 million acres by the mid-1930s.
The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of 1934 allowed Indians to govern themselves and organize corporate enterprises but it ended up
attempting to make tribes adopt European style democracy which the Indians were upset about because they saw it as reneging on the promise of tribal independence.
By 1953 the government believed it should ____
stay out of the indian business since they were following the ideas of smaller government and regulation
Native Americans identity square: Geographic locale
Geographic territory
Native Americans identity square: History
History: within group, w European countries, w American government
Native Americans identity square: Race
Racial characteristics: physically identifiable
Native Americans identity square: Gender
Gender: culturally specific views of male and female roles much different from Europeans
Columbus 1492 “discovered” America and
Indians
In 1776
United States formed
In 1861 what happened
Civil War
In 1942 what was going on
World War II
In 1620 what happened
Mayflower arrived
Native American Indians were thought to be in the Americas ___ years ago
10-50,000 years ago (wooly mammoths were still alive)
When referring to Native American Indians if someone says the victors write the history they mean
that our history is very eurocentric. Often we hear “Columbus discovered” but he was lost the Indians were here all along.
Three native american groups that were here before columbus
Poverty point, mesa verde, cahokia
Poverty point and Cahokia were called
mound builders
Most common view or depiction of Native Americans
tee pees and bows and arrows, hunting buffallo
Poverty Point Culture was responsible for building
massive earthworks, in lower Mississippi River in Louisiana, that is still visible from the air
What do the mound builders indicate?
A very advanced society. Not a group of hunters and gatherers, they didn’t have time because they were building the mounds so they had to have a lot of agriculture that produced a lot of food.
The Anasazi lived in ____ somewhere around 500-1300 AD, they are known as the _____
Mesa Verde; cliff dwellers
Cahokia is in ___ and they were ____
Southwest Illinois and they were mound builders
Native Americans have been here for a long time and are ___
much more advanced then people give them credit for
By the time the colonists arrived to start setteling in America they ___
didn’t find very many people there which 100years prior there were 10million Native American peoples.
With the Europians coming over they ___
brought diseases to the Americas and the Native Americans were killed off because they had no immune systems.
In Europe when someone was sick they were cuarantined with indians they __
had a communal response. The family and friends would go to the sick and try to help and comfort which spread the disease unknowingly
Massive death from disease. How many indians were killed by disease?
95-98% of the population
_____ for Native Americans were very different from those held by Europeans
gender concepts
!500’s there were __ major language families in what we now call the now 48 US states.
8
In 1776 there were ___ native americans indians living in the 48 US states that were divided into ____ indian nations.
several million; 100 indian nations
Within the 100 indian nations there were ______ spoken at the time
750 different languages spoken at the time
Culture and lifestyle and language tends to go along with _________
geographic locations
A lot of native american culture is related to ___ and the type of environment they are involved with
culture
Depending on your geographic locale what was one thing that varied
types of homes the native americans built
Native American agricultural tribes tended to be ____ centered.
mother centered
Native American hunting tribes tended to be ____ centered.
father centered
One of the large groups that lived in the southeast was the
Cherokee
The Cherokee had highly developed ___ and ____ development.
political development and language development
As far as hollywood portrays them what geographic locale do they represent
Midwest/plains indians. They were hunters some simple gardens.
tee pees were portable because
the midwest/plains indians needed to be able to follow the animals to hunt them
Southwest indians had what kinds of homes and interests
solid multi-roomed houses and irrigation
Northwest indians
sea oriented; totem poles; rigid class structure
Northeast Indians
log houses; fortresses; highly developed society; complicated political alliances
Southeast Indians
no walls on houses bc it’s warm and humid; houses elivated bc of rain and flooding
Midwest/Plains Indians
nomatic people; tee pees; hunters; developed horse culture
What 4 major European countries were interested in North America
Dutch, France, England, Spain
Coronado from Spain broke a truce with the ______ then killed the entire villiage
Pueblo Indians
Traditional Native American Family was ______ from traditional European families
extremely different
Vacuum Domicilium was a European concept that meant
that the land was unoccupied and unused
What was the Native Americans’ view with respect to land ownership?
They believed that land belongs to nature- you can’t own land you only have the ability to hunt and fish and live off the land.
Native Americans lacked the _______ of _____ land.
understanding of owning
Our Founding Fathers came up with the ideas of freedom, liberty, and democracy from
Iroquois Five Nations
The native americans of the northeast developed something called
Great Law of Peace
Great Law of Peace was representative government and included
rule of consesnsus- male representatives; governed internally by females
Until the 1900s No European American was ever tried for _____
the murder of a Native American
The period of westward expansion was centered aroud ___ for native americans
legal problems
Between 1789-1877 there were 370 treaties signed between
American government and native american tribes
Every time a treaty was renegotiated what happened?
The native americans lost more land.
Between 1612-1890 there were over ____ major battles between settlers and native americans.
200
The last battle was
the battle of Wounded Knee in 1890
What public justification was there for westward expansion?
they saw indians as animals, filthy, cruel, bad. Therefore they saw the land as theirs.
The Trail of Tears began in
1838
The old west and the civil war ______
were going on around the same time.
Once the Civil War ends what happens?
The US takes an interest in the West and wants to expand further West.
Consolidation was
the concept of reservation
The concept of reservation was
segregation from wider society
Effects of reservation
fixed boundary-for plains indians if the buffalo went off the reservation they couldn’t follow them, geographic area-the govt gave them land with little to no natural resources, change in temperature and climate
The first government agency to deal with the native americans was called the
Indian Bureau created in the 1820’s created by the war department
BIA means
Bureau of Indian Affairs 1824
BIA had a concept of ___ with the native americans
management
The indians wars created
genocide which wiped out a large part of the population
On the reservations as a ___ people the BIA tried to ____
managed; eliminate language and religion
What is meant by internal colonialism
a colony within a country; fenced in kept together to watch more effectively
In Reservation Schools ____ was practiced.
cultural genocide
In reservation schools the goal was to _____ indian children
assimilate
Problems with reservation schools
incompetent teachers, poor facility, poor supplies, wearing western clothing, concept of destruction of culture=CULTURAL GENOCIDE
The concept of the federally run boarding school was created because
the government felt that with the indian children going home every night they weren’t being assimilated so they were sent to these boarding schools away from the influence of their families
BIA’s goal was to
assimilate indians
Older Native Americans wanted to _________
retain their culture
Ghost Dance Ritual of 1890 was
vision that ancestors would return to aid in taking back their land
Battle of Wounded Knee was see to Native Americans as
The Massacre of Wounded Knee
During the battle of wounded knee there were _____ congressional medals of honor awarded
18
During the battle of wounded knee what happened
there was a ghost dance going on. 500 army soldiers with rapid fire artillary. 350 indians 230 women and children only 120 men
Violence at the battle of wounded knee lasted
1 hour
After the battle of wounded knee the army did what with the dead indian bodies?
they dug a mass grave
The General Allotment Act (DAWES) 1887 had the effect of
further reducing the reservations
DAWES act
dived land into individual parcels of land on the reservations because the government wanted more land
The land grab refers to
the US government giving away indian territory to settlers
Indian citizen act 1924
native americans-right to vote
August 1920 the ___ Amendment to the constitution=women’s right to vote
19th
1934 IRA Indian Reorganization Act
moved away from Anglo Conformity to Pluralism
