Chapter 14 Mexican Americans Flashcards
The Mexican American experience is seen more as a
consciousness
The Mexican American experience is a more ____ than the Native American Indian
diverse experience
Spanish Colonalization is unique because of the
mixing of Spanish and Native Cultures
Spanish _____ to spanish explorers and settlers. Blood becomes mixed with native american indians that that becomes mexico.
grant land
People who came to this country in the 1800s, 1900s, and yesterday from Mexico all
fall into the guise of Mexican American
The Spanish involvement with Mexico goes back to
the 16th century
In the 16th century the Spanish ___ and ____ of Mexico
invasion and conquest
The 16th century conquest was a combination of ___ and ____ expansion
military and religious expansion
The Spanish in this conquest were looking for
riches, trade, anything to bring back to Spain to increase Spain’s power in Europe
The church was looking to convert people
to Catholicism
The Native American people that the Spanish encountered were conquered by __ and ___
disease and violence
Catholic Churches used the ____ to spread Catholicism to Native populations.
Missions
The military was very important in this Colonilization process because the King of Spain utilized __ to give to soldiers
land grants
The Hacienda were ___ given to minor nobels
vast land grants, huge estates
The Estancia was ___ not as big as a hacienda
a large landed estate, usually a cattle ranch
The Racheria was
the workers quarters of a Rancho-the Village
The Spanish saw the americas as a land of the ___
riches
The California Mission system was carefully selected by the _____
Spanish missionaries
Criteria for Spanish missionaries when choosing where to place a mission
good supplies of water, fertile soils for growing crops, had to be located near Native population centers
Mission farms and ranches _____ the Indians’ traditional food-gathering grounds.
destroyed
The Mission farms and ranches destroyed the Native Indians’ food sources because
then they would come to the mission for nourishment
California has ___ missions located along the coast of California.
21
The California Missions were built from 1769-____
1823
There was a diverse mixture of people in what became Mexico because where every the Spanish colonized they allowed ____
intermarriage
The cowboy began with the
Spanish
Pueblos were ____ soldiers at the presidios.
civilian towns that grew the food supply for the
The Spanish government at the pueblos offered _____ in order to attract settlers
free land, livestock, farming equipment, annual allowance for the purchase of clothing and other supplies, the settlers were exempt from all taxes for five years.
The first California Pueblo was established in San Jose in
1777
1781 Los Angeles was formed and _____ founding families made up more than half of the original settlers of LA
African American
1810-1821
Mexico becomes an independent establishment from Spain
The US perception of Mexico was tainted from the 16th century
the english development; the english and the spanish did not get along; the english painted a negative picture of the spanish
Discuss why it is important to understand the concept of “Diversity of Experience” for the Mexican American both in a historical and contemporary analysis.
a
Discuss the concept of agriculture and the Migrant Labor Cycle in relationship to the Mexican American experience.
a
Utilizing the Domination Model of Race Relations, analyze the Mexican American Experience.
a
Between 1929 and 1935 _____ Mexicans were repatriated (deported) to Mexico, most without court hearings.
four hundred thousand
In 1845 the United States annexes Texas. This action leads to _______
the Mexican American War.
The Zoot Suit Riots in ___ were between US servicemen stationed in southern California and young Mexican Americans.
1943
In 1850, California passed the ____. This tax targeted the chinese and mexican miners. It was created to try to drive them out of mining.
Foreign Miners Tax
The _____ terminated the US-Mexican War and gave the United States present day Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas, and parts of Colorado, Nevada, and Utah in exchange for 15 million dollars.
Treaty Guadalupe Hildago
This “Act” allowed squatters to settle and claim vacant lands in frontier areas. The result was the Californios fount thousands of Anglos squatting on their land and cause many legal land issues.
1862 homestead act.
Even though Mexican labor was being brought to the United States through the Bracero Program, in 1954 the US Border Patrol launched “____” which apprehended and expelled 3.8 million Mexican Aliens.
Operation Wetback
The ____ allowed squatters to settle and claim vacant lands in frontier areas. This meant many Californios found thousand of anglo squatters on their land which created many legal disputes.
1862 Homestead Act
By 1821 Mexico has its independence from __
Spain
In 1836 Texas declares ____ from Mexico
independency
The US was in the mist of it’s period of Manifest Destiny where it was trying to expand so Mexico and the US ___
started to have problems; Since the Spanish encouraged US to come to Texas when Mexico took over
In ___ Congress of the US annexed (declared it part of the US) Texas.
1845
_____ declaration of war on May 13, 1846
Congressional
The Mexican American war _____ the American involvement
propagandized
All of the posters for the Mexican American war were from the ____
American perspective belittling and putting Mexico down in order to bring America up
When talking about a diverse experience what is meant by an indigenous people?
Native Americans occupied Mexico before the Spanish came and the Inca and Mayan cultures were there. With the spanish colonialization there was a mixing of Spanish and Native cultures.
When talking about a diverse experience the Southwest United States has a lot of ___
old landed people or a landed population; generations of experience
In the Early 1800’s Spain encourages settlement of Texas by ___
Americans
Mexican American War was from ____
1846-48
Texas, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Texas, New Mexico and California
were lost to Mexico in the Mexican American War
In 1848 Mexican American War ends and the treaty of Guadalupe Hildago is signed in exchange for
15 million dollars
The treaty of Guadalupe Hildago gave ___ to Mexicans in the territories
citizenship and protection
1853 the Gadson Purchase-US buys 30,000 miles of territory for the US from Mexico because
Railroad interests
In 1853 there were about ___ Spanish speaking people living in territories lost by the Texas Rebellion 1836, Mexican War 1848 and Gadson Purchase 1853
80,000
Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago gave them citizenship and protection but why did they not really have that?
The attitude of Manifest Destiny saw them as a group of defeated foreigners so they socially did not have protections or rights.
In California Mexican citizenship and marriage ties are important to __
landowning
John Sutter started the
gold rush
By 1849 the ___ was in full swing
California Gold Rush
Ethnic violence as Anglo miners pushed/forced/murdered Mexicans off
claims
There were lynchings, murders, and expulsions because there was competition for
property rights and mining rights
Hollywood has glamorized the
Texas Rangers
In ___ there were about 80,000 Spanish speaking people living in territories lost by the Texas Rebellion 1836, Mexican War 1848, and Gadson Purchase 1853
1853
Mexican citizenship and marriage ties to important landowning California families helped open the portals of wealth and influence to most of the _____ who settles in Mexican California
prominent Americans
1849 California Gold Rush competition for_____
mining rights
After Texas Independence there were
major problems
After Texas independence Texas Cowboys crossed into Mexico taking thousands of head of cattle in retribution for
property destroyed by the Mexican Army; Mexican Vaqueros retaliated with the same action criminals would cross border
local Mexican Americans who were legally staying on their land were
harassed; vigilantes and lynchings
1850 California designed __
Foreign Miners’ Tax
The California tax was designed to discourage immigration the law ___
primarily directed at forcing Mexicans (and Chinese) out of the mines; requires all persons who were not native born or who had not become American citizens under the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo, to pay 20 dollars for licenses allowing them to mine
An exception covered California’s Native Americans the law did prove ____
successful in its aim; mexican miners balked at the exorbitant charge and refused to pay it.
land claims become crucial in
California
In 1851 California ___ is passed which allowed Mexicans who were in CA to legalize land claims prior to US takeover
land act
The 1851 California land act worked __
in opposite; caused mexican to litigate in court for years and in order to pay for legal fees they had to sell off their land
1861 Homestead Act allowed squatters to
settle and claim vacant lands in frontier areas; Californios found thousands of Anglos squatting on their land; many legal disputes
Cinco de Mayo happened May 5 __
1862 because Mexico encured a lot of debt to France and France wanted their money back; Mexican Army has a victory over French army in Puebla; delayed the French takeover of Mexico for about a year
Concept of Migrant labor
Railroads & Agriculture; Irrigation & Agriculture need for cheap labor
Need for Cheap labor (4)
Chinese (1849-1882)
Japanese (1880-1906)
Pilipino (1906-1934)
Mexican (1934-present day)
The temperature and the climate in the ___ is important for growing things.
southwest; use of trucks to get agriculture produce to market; Migratory labor situation-work from south to north and return
Problems for migratory labor situation (truck farming)
Education of children-no schooling because they move so much; establishment of permanent houseing
Migrant agricultural labor is very
intense; back breaking labor
Migrant Labor-Padrone/Cayote responsible for
transportation; food; housing; distribute wages
Padrone=
master owner of the land
1924 Establishment of
border patrol
1929-1935 Mexican ___ major enforcement of 1924 US restrictions 400,000 mexicans were ___ to Mexico; w/out court hearings
Repatriation; repatriated
1954 US Border Patrol launches
operation wetback; 3.8 million mexican aliens were apprehended and expelled fro US; Border patrol used racial profiling anyone who looked mexican
Mexicans are __ and __ identifiable
physically and culturally
Discuss the importance of Spanish Colonialism and the Mission system to an understanding of the Mexican American Experience.
a
