Chapter 6: Microbial Metabolism

Question 1

what are the principles of Microbial Metabolism? what are their functions?

Answer 1

Catabolism(breaks down compounds to release energy–makes ATP) & Anabolism(synthesizes&assembles molecules into macromolecules–uses ATP)

Question 2

What are the two types of energy? describe.

Answer 2

Potential(stored energy), Kinetic(energy of movement)

Question 3

What are exergonic &endergonic reactions?

Answer 3

Exergonic(reactants have more free energy–energy released in reaction), endergonic(products have more free energy–reaction requires input of energy)

Question 4

Is the change in free energy the same regardless of number of steps involved?

Answer 4

Yes

Question 5

What lowers the activation energy point?

Answer 5

Catalysts

Question 6

What speeds up reactions?

Answer 6

enzymes

Question 7

What is an “active site”?

Answer 7

where substrate can be accommodated

Question 8

What are the 3 processes that generate ATP?

Answer 8

Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation &Photophosphorylation

Question 9

Is O2 more electronegative than the others?

Answer 9

Yes

Question 10

What is an electron donor?

Answer 10

the energy source

Question 11

what is always needed to accommodate the electrons?

Answer 11

electron acceptors

Question 12

what are oxidation-reduction(redox reactions)

Answer 12

chemical reactions where electrons are transferred

Question 13

oxidation

Answer 13

substance that loses electrons

Question 14

reduction

Answer 14

substance that gains electrons

Question 15

what is dehydrogenation

Answer 15

type of oxidation where hydrogen is transferred

Question 16

what is a hydrogen atom?

Answer 16

proton & electron travelling together

Question 17

how do electrons travel from electron donors to electron acceptors?

Answer 17

in molecules called electron carriers

Question 18

what are the electron carriers?

Answer 18

NAD+/NADH+H; NADP+/NADPH; FAD/FADH2

Question 19

What is the most common carbon source used by cells?

Answer 19

glucose

Question 20

what are the 4 steps of cellular respiration?

Answer 20

glycolysis, transition step, TCA cycle & oxidative phosphorylation

Question 21

During glycolysis, what is glucose converted into?

Answer 21

molecules of pyruvic acid

Question 22

In the TCA cycle, what is pyruvic acid converted into?

Answer 22

CO2

Question 23

what reduces the reducing power?

Answer 23

transition step

Question 24

In the electron transport chain, where are the electrons from that are transported through a series of e- carriers?

Answer 24

NADH+H

Question 25

what is the electron transport chain composed by?

Answer 25

membrane-embedded electron carriers

Question 26

what does the electron transport chain create?

Answer 26

electrochemical gradient

Question 27

how many protons can be transported for each NADH+H?

Answer 27

4

Question 28

As 4 H+ pass through the ATPase, how many ATP are formed?

Answer 28

1

Question 29

how many ATP per glucose does cellular respiration produce?

Answer 29

38

Question 30

Fermentation starts with ______.

Answer 30

glycolysis

Question 31

at the end of glycolysis, what is pyruvic acid converted into?

Answer 31

fermentation product

Question 32

In fermentation, if cells cannot respire what will stop

Answer 32

glycolysis

Question 33

What is anabolic pathways?

Answer 33

the breaking down of metabolism to make energy