Chapter 6: Memory Processes Flashcards
Encoding, storage, and retrieval often are viewed as
sequential stage
for short term storage what code is used?
acoustic code
code that one based on word meaning.
semantic code
information stored in long-term memory primarily is encoded _________-?
semantically
what instrument used to found that the brain
areas that are involved in encoding can be, but do not necessarily have to be, involved
in retrieval?
FMRI
play an important role both in encoding and retrieval?
anterior medial prefrontal cortex and the right
fusiform face area
area contributes mostly to encoding processes?
left fusiform face area
Give the 7 techniques oft the mnemonic devices:
hierarchy technique
interactive images
pegword system
method of loci
acronyms
acrostic
keyword system
what technique is used, when we Organize a list of items into a
set of categories.
hierarchy technique
what technique is used, To remember to buy socks, apples, and a pair of scissors, you
might imagine using scissors to cut a sock that has an apple
stuffed in it.
interactive images
what technique is used, Associate each new word with a word on a previously
memorized list and form an
interactive image between
the two words.
pegword system
what technique is used, One such list is from a nursery rhyme: One is a bun. Two is a
shoe. Three is a tree, and so on. To remember that you need to
buy socks, apples, and a pair of scissors, you might imagine an
apple between two buns, a sock stuffed inside a shoe, and a
pair of scissors cutting a tree. When you need to remember the
words, you first recall the numbered images and then recall the
words as you visualize them in the interactive images.
pegword system
what technique is used, Visualize walking around an
area with distinctive landmarks that you know well,
and then link the various
landmarks to specific items
to be remembered
method of loci
technique use? Mentally walk past each of the distinctive landmarks, depositing
each word to be memorized at one of the landmarks. Visualize
an interactive image between the new word and the landmark.
Suppose you have three landmarks on your route to school—a
strange-looking house, a tree, and a baseball diamond. You might
imagine a big sock on top of the house in place of the chimney,
the pair of scissors cutting the tree, and apples replacing bases
on the baseball diamond. When ready to remember the list, you
would take your mental walk and pick up the words you had
linked to each of the landmarks along the walk.
method of loci
technique used, Devise a word or expression
in which each of its letters
stands for a certain other
word or concept (e.g., USA,
IQ, and laser)
acronym
what technique is used, Form a sentence rather than
a single word to help you
remember the new words
Acrostic
what technique is used, Music students memorize the names of the notes found on lines
of the treble clef (the higher notes; specifically E, G, B, D, and F
above middle C) by learning that “Every Good Boy Does Fine
acrostic
technique use, Form an interactive image
that links the sound and
meaning of a foreign word
with the sound and meaning
of a familiar word.
keyword system
what technique is used, To learn that the French word for butter is beurre, first, you would
note that beurre sounds something like “bear.” Next, you would
associate the keyword “bear” with butter in an image or sentence.
For instance, you might visualize a bear eating a stick of butter.
Later, bear would provide a retrieval cue for beurre.
keyword system
When we transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory, we
encounter two key problems:
interference and decay
When competing information, interferes with our storing information, we speak of ?
interference
When we forget facts just because time passes, we speak of ?
decay
We make connections by integrating the new data into our existing schemas of stored information. This process of
integrating new information into stored information is called ?
consolidation
impairs the memory functioning
stress
strategies involve reflecting on our own memory processes to improve our memory?
metamemory strategies
our ability to think about and control our own processes of thought and
ways of enhancing our thinking?
Metacognition
One technique people use for keeping information active is???, the repeated recitation of an item?
Rehearsals
The effects of such rehearsal are termed ?
practice effects
rehearsals which case it is usually aloud and obvious to anyone watching.
overt
rehearsal which case it is silent and hidden.
covert
the individual somehow elaborates on the items to be
remembered. Such rehearsal makes the items either more meaningfully integrated into
what the person already knows or more meaningfully connected to one another and
therefore more memorable.
elaborative rehearsal
what do u call the rehearsal , the individual simply repeats the items to be remembered.
maintenance rehearsal
Our memories tend to be good
when we use _____________, learning in which various sessions are spaced
over time?
distributed practice
Our memories for information are not as good when the information is
acquired through _____________, learning in which sessions are crammed together
in a very short space of time ?
massed practice
To maximize the effect on long-term recall, the spacing should ideally be distributed over months, rather than days or weeks. This effect
is termed the________?
spacing effect
is the sleep stage characterized by dreaming and increased brainwave activity
REM SLEEP
what stage of sleep , Light sleep.
Muscle activity slows down. Occasional muscle twitching.
stage 1
