Chapter 5: Memory, models and research methods Flashcards
1
Q
People who are subjective to jetlag with less than 2 weeks of recovery time perform worse on?
A
Spatial memory test
2
Q
It was said that 5 days to recover from jetlag had a______ lobe?
A
small temporal lobe
3
Q
Is the means which we retain and draw information from our past experiences to use in the present?
A
Memory
4
Q
Refers to the dynamic mechanisms associated with storing, retaining and retrieving information about past experience
A
Memory
5
Q
What are 3 commons operations of memory?
A
Encoding
storage
retrieval
6
Q
In________. you transform sensory data into a form of mental representation
A
encoding
7
Q
In____, you keep encoded information in memory
A
Storage
8
Q
In_____, you pull out or use information stored in memory
A
retrieval
9
Q
In___, you produce a fact, a word, or other item from memory
A
recall
10
Q
Examples of recall through test?
A
Fill in the blanks and essay
11
Q
You select or identify an item as being one that you have been exposed to previously,
A
Recognition
12
Q
Examples of recognition through test?
A
multiple choice, and true or false
13
Q
What are 3 main types of recall task?
A
Serial recall task
Free recall task
Cued recall task
14
Q
What type of recall task, you recall items in the exact order in which they were presented?
A
serial recall task
15
Q
What task requires you must consciously recall particular information?
A
explicit memory task
16
Q
What task requires you must recall facts?
A
declarative knowledge task
17
Q
What task requires you must you must remember learned skills and automatic behaviors
A
Procedural knowledge task
18
Q
What task requires you must you recall items in any order you choose
A
free recall task
19
Q
What task requires you in which you are first shown items in pair and ask to recall each mate?
A
Cued recall task
20
Q
Cued recall is also called?
A
Paired associates recall
21
Q
What do you call the number of trials it takes to learn once again items that were learned from the past?
A
Relearning
22
Q
Relearning has also been referred to as ?
A
savings
23
Q
What kind of animals that was observed in the relearning effect?
A
fetal rats
24
Q
t/f: Recognition memory is much better than recall
A
t
25
How many pictures are recognized in a recognition memory task?
2,000
26
How many items are best measured recall performance?
80 items
27
Task that generally elicits deeper levels of information processing
anticipating recall task
28
Recognition memory task is referred?
tapping receptive knowledge
29
It means responsive to the stimulus?
receptive
30
What tasks where you respond to the stimuli presented to you and decide whether you have seen them before or not?
recognition memory task
31
What tasks where you have to produce an answer, require expressive knowledge?
recall memory task
32
What memory is used when they recall or recognized words, facts, pictures from a particular prior set of items?
Explicit memory
33
What memory task used in this example: Who wrote Hamlet?
explicit memory task
34
What memory task used in this example: What is your first name?
Declarative knowledge task
35
What memory task used in this example: fill in the blanks: "The term for person who suffer severe memory impairement__________?"
Recall tasks
36
What memory task used in this example: If you were shown the digits 2-8-7-1-6-4, you would
be expected to repeat “2-8-7-1-6-4,” in exactly that
order.
Serial recall task
37
What memory task used in this example:If you were presented with the word list “dog, pencil,
time, hair, monkey, restaurant,” you would receive
full credit if you repeated “monkey, restaurant, dog,
pencil, time, hair.”
Free recall task
38
What memory task used in this example: Suppose that you were given the following list of
pairs: “time-city, mist-home, switch-paper, creditday, fist-cloud, number-branch.” Later, when you
were given the stimulus “switch,” you would be
expected to say “paper,” and so on.
Cued recall task
39
What memory task used in this example: Multiple-choice and true-false tests involve recognition. For example, “The term for people
with outstanding memory ability is (1) amnesics,
(2) semanticists, (3) mnemonists, or (4) retrograders.”
Recognition task
40
What memory task used in this example: You
would be presented with a word fragment, such
as the first three letters of a word; then you would
be asked to complete the word fragment with the
first word that comes to mind. For example, suppose that you were asked to supply the missing
three letters to fill in these blanks and form a word:
_e_or_.
Implicit memory task
41
If you were asked to demonstrate a “knowinghow” skill, you might be given experience in solving puzzles or in reading mirror writing, and then
you would be asked to show what you remember
of how to use those skills
Procedural knowledge task
42
helps us to complete incomplete words we
encounter without our even being consciously aware of it.
Implicit memory
43
T/F: Implicit memory changes over the life span; Explicit memory does not show the same
changes.
False
44
What are two tasks that involve implicit memory?
Priming task and procedural task
45
Is the facilitation of your ability to
utilize missing information.
Priming
46
In the laboratory, procedural memory is sometimes examined with 2 task?
Rotary pursuit task and mirror tracing task
47
task requires participants
to maintain contact between an L-shaped stylus and a small rotating disk
Rotary pursuit task
48
A task, where a plate with the outline of a shape drawn on
it is put behind a barrier where it cannot be seen?
Mirror tracing task
49
What kind of task used to study the impact of sleep on procedural
memory. Patients suffering from schizophrenia often have memory deficits as well
as sleep problems.
mirror tracing task
50
what model that assume that both
implicit and explicit memory influence almost all responses. The model assumes that implicit and explicit memory both
have a role in virtually every response. Thus, only one task is needed to measure both of
these processes.
process dissociation task
51
Who proposed a model of memory distinguishing two structures of memory first?
WILLIAM JAMES
52
memory which holds temporary
information currently in use? based on William james
Primary memory
53
Memory, which holds information permanently or at least for a very long time ? based on William james
Secondary memory
54
Who proposed an alternative model that conceptualized memory in terms of three memory stores:
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrins
55
What are three memory stores: three memory stores:
Sensory store
short term store
long term store
56
capable of storing relatively limited amounts of information for
very brief periods
Sensory store
57
capable of storing information for somewhat longer periods
but of relatively limited capacity as well
short term store
58
capable of very large capacity and of storing information
for very long periods, perhaps even indefinitely
long term store
59
What is the structures for holding information called?
stores
60
What do you call the the information stored in the structures?
Memory
61
concepts that are not
themselves directly measurable or observable but that serve as mental models for
understanding how a psychological phenomenon works?
Stores are hypothetical constructs
62
What model emphasizes the passive storage areas in which memories are stored, but it
also alludes to some control processes that govern the transfer of information from
one store to another?
Richard Atkinson's and Richard Shiffrin Memory model
63
is the initial repository of much information that eventually enters the shorthand long-term stores.
sensory store
64
sensory store is also called?
iconic store
65
is a discrete visual sensory register that holds information for very short periods. Its name
derives from the fact that information is stored in the form of icons.
Iconic store
66
are visual images that represent something.
Icons
67
is an example of the type of information held in the iconic store.
Visual persistence
68
The existence of the iconic store was first discussed by?
George Sperling
69
How many seconds Sperling flashed an array of letters and numbers on a screen ?
50 millisecond
70
participants report every symbol they have seen.
whole report procedure
71
participants need to report only part of what they see.
Partial Report procedure
72
How many letters were flashed on screen for 50 millisecond?
16
73
How many percent were the subjects hold of the items in sensory memory?
75%
74
is mental erasure of a stimulus caused by the placement of one stimulus where
another one had appeared previously.
backward visual masking
75
appears to enter our memory system through an iconic store.
visual information
76
Erasure or movement into another store also occurs with______ that is in____?
auditory information
echoic memory
77
T/f : we all have access to our short-term memory store?
True
78
material remains in the short-term store for about?
30 seconds
79
In short term store, information is stored ?
Accoustically
80
(short-term) memory capacity for a wide range of items
appears to be about
seven items, plus or minus two
81
Damaged in what? have difficulty in
storing new information or retrieving old memories from their long-term store.
Hippocampus
82
Patients whose _________________ has been damaged, however, can perform well on long-term memory tasks but have trouble keeping information
in their short-term memory
perisylvian cortex
83
We hold in it information we need to get
us by in our day-to-day lives—people’s names, where we keep things, how we schedule
ourselves on different days, and so on.
Longterm store
84
refers to the very long-term storage of information, such as
knowledge of a foreign language
Permastore
85
is a radical departure from Atkinson and
Shiffrin’s multistore model of memory.suggests that memory does
not comprise three or even any specific number of separate stores, but rather it varies
along a continuous dimension in terms of depth of encoding
LOP (level of processing) framework
86
In Lop, items can be encoded through?
elaboration
87
what are 3 levels of processing?
Physical, Phonological, semantic
88
Visually apparent features
of the letters
Physical
89
Sound combinations associated
with the letters (e.g., rhyming)
Phonological
90
Meaning of the word
semantic
91
more powerful inducement to recall has been termed the s
self reference effect
92
participants show very
high levels of recall when asked to meaningfully relate words to themselves by determining whether the words describe them.
self reference effect
93
is an organized system of internal cues regarding our attributes, our
personal experiences, and ourselves.
self schema
94
It elaborates encoding of the particular item
(e.g., a word or other fact) in terms of its characteristics, including the various levels
of processing.
with in item elaboration
95
It elaborates
encoding by relating each item’s features (again, at various levels) to the features of
items already in memory
between item elaboration
96
what model is probably the most widely used and accepted model
today?
working model memory
97
establishes a more dynamic view,
whereby it serves not only to hold information but also to process that
information
working memory
98
holds only the most recently activated, or conscious, portion of long term memory, and it moves these activated elements into and out of brief, temporary memory storage
working memory
99
working memory comprises five elements:
visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, central executive, subsidiary slave system, episodic buffer
100
briefly holds some visual images, as when you picture the way your best
friend looks or when you work on a puzzle. It contains both spatial and visual information,
visuospatial sketchpad
101
passively stores visual information
visual cache
102
retains movement information and is responsible for rehearsal
of the information
inner scribe
103
briefly stores
mainly verbal information for verbal comprehension and for acoustic rehearsal.
phonological loop
104
loop that which holds information in memory
phonological storage
105
loop which holds information by nonverbally practicing
it.
subvocal rehearsals
106
When subvocal rehearsal
is inhibited, the new information is not stored. This phenomenon is called
articulatory supression
107
we can remember fewer
longer words compared with shorter words because it takes us longer
to rehearse and produce the longer words. This phenomenon is called
word length effect
108
allocates attention within working memory. It decides how to divide attention
between two or more tasks that need to be done at the same time, or how to switch
attention back and forth between multiple tasks
Central executive
109
perform
other cognitive or perceptual tasks
subsidiary slave system
110
A late addition to the working-memory model, it explains how we integrate information in working memory, long-term memory, the visuospatial sketchpad,
and the phonological loop. This buffer allows us to solve problems and reevaluate previous experiences with more recent knowledge.
episodic buffer
111
is used to remember information temporarily
buffer
112
One method that has been used frequently in studies on
visuospatial working memory is the
subtraction method
113
subjects were shown the three dots and instructed to keep their location in memory.
memory scan
114
the three dots and the circle were shown simultaneously, so that the
participants just had to look whether a circle encircled one of the dots; in this condition,
the subjects did not have to keep anything in memory
perception scan
115
are involved in visuospatial working memory? what parts of the brain?
prefrontal cortex, the posterior parietal lobe, the dorsal premotor cortex,
and the occipital cortex
116
Shorter intervals activate areas of what lobe?
occipital and right frontal lobes
117
Longer intervals activate areas of what lobe?
parietal and left front lobe
118
which is activated to a greater
extent when a person looks at faces as opposed to other objects such as houses.
fusiform gyrus
119
The phonological loop, maintaining speech-related information, appears to involve
activation in what hemisphere and parts of lobe?
left hemisphere of the lateral frontal and inferior parietal lobes as well
as the temporal lobe
120
Phonological loop is activated where?
temporal lobes of left hemisphere
121
Visuospatial is activated where?
right hemisphere
122
central executive is activated where?
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
123
It is the simplest task shown in the figure. An item
is shown—in this case, a geometric shape.
retention delay task
124
A series of items is
presented. After a while, the series of asterisks indicates that a test item will be presented.
temporally ordered working memory load task
125
A series of items is presented. Then the asterisks
indicate a test item will be given. The test item shows two previously presented items,
3 and 7.
temporal order task
126
Stimuli are presented. At specified points, one is asked to
repeat the stimulus that occurred n presentations back.
n-back task
127
stores general world knowledge. It is
our memory for facts that are not unique to us and that are not recalled in any particular
temporal context
semantic memory
128
stores personally experienced events or episodes.
episodic memory
129
When researchers find
neural substrates of particular brain functions, one speaks about
dissociation
130
A neuroscientific model called ?
attempts to account for differences in hemispheric activation for semantic versus episodic memories.
HERA (hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry)
131
The model is based on a network of interconnected neuron like computational units (nodes).
connectionist parallel
distributed-processing (PDP) model
132
is a node
that activates a connected node.
prime
133
is the resulting activation of the node.
priming effect
134
consists of many different
nodes.
connectionist network
135
someone who
demonstrates extraordinarily keen memory ability, usually based on using special techniques for memory enhancement.
mnemonist
136
most famous of mnemonists was a man
called
S
137
is the experience of sensations in a sensory modality different from the sense
that has been physically stimulated.
synesthesia
138
a Russian immigrant, could
memorize long strings of material, such as rows and columns of numbers
vp
139
S. relied primarily on
and vp relied on
s- visual imagery
vp-verbal translation
140
another mnemonist called? remembered long strings of numbers by segmenting
them into groups of three or four digits each. He then encoded them into running times
for different races (
sf
141
is a process of producing retrieval of memories that would seem
to have been forgotten
hypermnesia
142
Hypermnesia is sometimes loosely referred to as “
unforgetting
143
is sometimes used to try to achieve
hypermnesia. This therapy also points out the risk of trying to achieve hypermnesia. The
individual may create a new memory
psychodynamic theraphy
144
is severe loss of explicit memory
amnesia
145
in which individuals lose their purposeful memory for
events before whatever trauma induces memory loss
retrograde amnesia
146
the inability to remember events that occur after a traumatic event.
anterograde amnesia
147
the inability
to recall events that happened when we were very young
infantile amnesia
148
is a disease of older adults that causes dementia as well as progressive memory loss
Alzheimer's disease
149
is a loss of intellectual function that is severe
enough to impair one’s everyday life.
dementia
150
Alzheimer's disease was first identified by
alois Alzheime
151
Alzheimer’s disease leads to an atrophy (decrease in size) of the
brain
decrease of hippocampus and frontal and temporal lobe
