Chapter 6: Memory Codes, Imagery and Memory Strategies Flashcards
What are memory codes?
representations used to store items in memory.
forming a visual image gives you a _____ code
visual
forming a auditory representation gives you a _____ code
acoustic
forming a meaning-based representation gives you a _____ code
semantic
what is encoding specificity?
Under some conditions, some
retrieval cues (i.e., presented
information that elicits recall from
LTM) are more effective than others
What is the principle of encoding specificity?
the effectiveness of a retrieval cue depends on how well it relates to the initial encoding of an item (Tulving & Thomson, 1973)
what is Transfer appropriate processing
(TAP) framework?
encoding material in a manner related to how it will be used later can benefit later recall (Morris, Bransford, & Franks, 1977)
similarities and diff between TAP and principle of encoding specificity
Similarity: Both emphasise that performance depends on maximising similarity between encoding and retrieval of material
Differ in whether this occurs at the
encoding(TAP) or retrieval stage(Principle of encoding specificity)
Encoding specificity focuses on finding effective retrieval cues
TAP focuses on ensuring that the processes engaged
during encoding match those needed at test
If a mnemonic scheme of some sort is used, then the _________ can be applied to more abstract materials
method of loci/memory palace
_________ behaviour suggests
the existence of visual codes and
mental pictures
Visual scanning
What is indirect correspondence?
Mental images may not directly correspond to physical images. Example test: Subject asked to draw the mental image from memory
Levels of processing theory is by _____
Craik & Lockhart
type of encoding in diff levels of processing
Shallow: structural
Intermediate: Phonemic
Deep: semantic
Forgetting rates in LTM vary depending on the ___________ that an item underwent during encoding
level of processing
