Chapter 6 - Memory

Question 0

An active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form, and organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from the storage.

Answer 0

memory

Question 1

The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage systems.

Answer 1

encoding

Question 2

holding onto information for some period of time

Answer 2

storage

Question 3

getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used

Answer 3

retrieval

Question 4

model of memory that assumes the processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages

Answer 4

information-processing model

Question 5

model of memory that assumes information that is more “deeply processed,” or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word or words, will be remembered more efficienu and for a longer period of time

Answer 5

levels-of-processing model

Question 6

the very first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through sensory systems

Answer 6

sensory memory

Question 7

visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second

Answer 7

iconic memory

Question 8

the ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more

Answer 8

eidetic imagery

Question 9

the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used

Answer 9

short-term memory (STM)

Question 10

the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input

Answer 10

selective attention

Question 11

the brief memory of something a person has just heard

Answer 11

echoic memory

Question 12

an active system that processes the information in short-term memory

Answer 12

working memory

Question 13

practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in short-term memory

Answer 13

maintenance rehearsal

Question 14

the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently

Answer 14

long-term memory (LTM)

Question 16

type of long-term memory including memory for skills, procedures, havits, and conditioned responses. These memories are not conscious but are implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior.

Answer 16

procedural (nondeclarative) memory

Question 17

loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories

Answer 17

anterogade amnesia

Question 18

memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness, such as procedural memory

Answer 18

implicit memory

Question 19

type of long-term memory containing information that is conscious and known

Answer 19

declarative memory

Question 20

type of declarative memory containing general knowledge, such as knowledge of language and information learned in formal education

Answer 20

semantic memory

Question 21

type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others, such as daily activities and events

Answer 21

episodic memory

Question 22

model of memory organization that assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related

Answer 22

semantic network model

Question 23

a stimulus for remembering

Answer 23

retrieval clue

Question 24

the tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information (such as surroundings or physiological state) that is available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved

Answer 24

encoding specificity

Question 25

memories formed during a particular physiological or psychological state

Answer 25

state-dependent learning

Question 26

type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” from memory with very few external clues

Answer 26

recall

Question 27

the ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact

Answer 27

recognition

Question 28

tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information

Answer 28

serial position effect

Question 29

tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows

Answer 29

primacy effect

Question 30

tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information at the beginning of it

Answer 30

recency effect

Question 31

error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory

Answer 31

false positive

Question 32

tendency of certain kinds of information to enter long-term memory with little or no effortful encoding

Answer 32

automatic encoding

Question 33

type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it

Answer 33

flashbulb memories

Question 34

referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer information

Answer 34

constructive processing

Question 35

the tendency to falsely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer information, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event

Answer 35

hindsight bias

Question 36

the tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself

Answer 36

misinformation effect

Question 37

a graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually

Answer 37

curve of forgetting

Question 38

spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods

Answer 38

distributed practice

Question 39

failure to process information into memory

Answer 39

encoding failure

Question 40

physical change in the brain that pccurs when a memory is formed

Answer 40

memory trace

Question 41

loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used

Answer 41

decay

Question 42

another name for decay, assuming that memories that are not used will eventually decay and disappear

Answer 42

disuse

Question 43

memory problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the learning or retrieval of newer information

Answer 43

proactive interference

Question 44

memory problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information

Answer 44

retroactive interference

Question 45

the changes that take place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a memory is formed

Answer 45

consolidation

Question 46

loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past

Answer 46

retrogade amnesia

Question 56

a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way

Answer 56

elaborative rehearsal