Chapter 5 - Learning

Question 0

Learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

Discovered by Ivan Pavlov

Answer 0

Classical conditioning

Question 1

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

He focused on observable, measurable behavior

He worked with salivating dogs

Answer 2

Ivan Pavlov

Question 3

What are the key elements of classical conditioning?

Answer 3

unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response

Question 4

It is the original, naturally occurring stimulus that ordinarily leads to an involuntary response.

It is a key element of classical conditioning.

Answer 4

unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

It is the involuntary response to the unconditioned stimulus.

It is a key element of classical conditioning.

Answer 5

unconditioned response

Question 6

It is previously neutral stimulus that begins to cause the same kind of involuntary response when paired repeatedly with the UCS.

It is a key element of classical conditioning.

Answer 6

conditioned stimulus

Question 7

It is the learned reflex to a conditioned stimulus.

It is a key element of classical conditioning.

Answer 7

conditioned response

Question 8

It is the repeated pairing of the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 8

acquisition

Question 9

It is a stimulus that has no effect on the desired response.

Answer 9

neutral stimulus

Question 10

It is the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.

Answer 10

stimulus generalization

Question 11

It is the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 11

stimulus discrimination

Question 12

It is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

Answer 12

extinction

Question 13

It is the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response.

Answer 13

spontaneous recovery

Question 14

This occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus.

Answer 14

higher-order conditioning

Question 15

These are emotional responses that have become classically conditioned to occur in response to a learned stimuli; based on work of John B. Watson; helps explain development of phobias

Answer 15

conditioned emotional responses

Question 17

can occur by simply watching someone else respond to a stimulus

Answer 17

vicarious conditioning

Question 18

Refers to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning

Answer 18

biological preparedness

Question 19

It is the original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together.

Answer 19

stimulus substitution

Question 20

Based on the work of Robert Rescorla; it is the modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 20

cognitive perspective

Question 21

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.

Answer 21

operant conditioning

Question 22

Law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated

Answer 22

law of effect

Question 23

any behavior that is voluntary

Answer 23

operant

Question 24

any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

Answer 24

reinforcement

Question 25

any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again

Answer 25

reinforcers

Question 26

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

Answer 26

primary reinforcer

Question 27

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

Answer 27

secondary reinforcer

Question 28

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

Answer 28

positive reinforcement

Question 29

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Answer 29

negative reinforcement

Question 30

the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction

Answer 30

partial reinforcement effect

Question 31

the reinforcement of each and every correct response

Answer 31

continuous reinforcement

Question 32

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

Answer 32

fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Question 33

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

Answer 33

variable interval schedule of reinforcement

Question 34

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

Answer 34

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Question 35

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

Answer 35

variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

Question 36

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

Answer 36

punishment

Question 37

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus

Answer 37

punishment by application

Question 38

the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

Answer 38

punishment by removal

Question 39

any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

Answer 39

discriminative stimulus

Question 40

the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior

Answer 40

shaping

Question 41

small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior

Answer 41

successive approximation

Question 42

tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

Answer 42

instinctive drift

Question 43

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

Answer 43

behavior modification

Question 44

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

Answer 44

token economy

Question 45

modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

Answer 45

applied behavior analysis (ABA)

Question 46

using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control

Answer 46

biofeedback

Question 47

form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

Answer 47

neurofeedback

Question 48

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

Answer 48

latent learning

Question 49

the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly

Answer 49

insight

Question 50

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

Answer 50

learned helplessness

Question 51

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

Answer 51

observational learning

Question 52

referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior

Answer 52

learning/performance distinction

Question 58

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association

Answer 58

conditioned taste aversion