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Psychology > Chapter 5 - Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Learning Flashcards

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0
Q

Learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

Discovered by Ivan Pavlov

A

Classical conditioning

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1
Q

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

A

Learning

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2
Q

He focused on observable, measurable behavior

He worked with salivating dogs

A

Ivan Pavlov

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3
Q

What are the key elements of classical conditioning?

A

unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response

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4
Q

It is the original, naturally occurring stimulus that ordinarily leads to an involuntary response.

It is a key element of classical conditioning.

A

unconditioned stimulus

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5
Q

It is the involuntary response to the unconditioned stimulus.

It is a key element of classical conditioning.

A

unconditioned response

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6
Q

It is previously neutral stimulus that begins to cause the same kind of involuntary response when paired repeatedly with the UCS.

It is a key element of classical conditioning.

A

conditioned stimulus

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7
Q

It is the learned reflex to a conditioned stimulus.

It is a key element of classical conditioning.

A

conditioned response

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8
Q

It is the repeated pairing of the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.

A

acquisition

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9
Q

It is a stimulus that has no effect on the desired response.

A

neutral stimulus

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10
Q

It is the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.

A

stimulus generalization

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11
Q

It is the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

A

stimulus discrimination

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12
Q

It is the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

A

extinction

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13
Q

It is the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response.

A

spontaneous recovery

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14
Q

This occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus.

A

higher-order conditioning

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15
Q

These are emotional responses that have become classically conditioned to occur in response to a learned stimuli; based on work of John B. Watson; helps explain development of phobias

A

conditioned emotional responses

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17
Q

can occur by simply watching someone else respond to a stimulus

A

vicarious conditioning

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18
Q

Refers to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning

A

biological preparedness

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19
Q

It is the original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together.

A

stimulus substitution

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20
Q

Based on the work of Robert Rescorla; it is the modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus.

A

cognitive perspective

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21
Q

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.

A

operant conditioning

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22
Q

Law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated

A

law of effect

23
Q

any behavior that is voluntary

A

operant

24
Q

any event or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

A

reinforcement

25
Q

any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again

A

reinforcers

26
Q

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

A

primary reinforcer

27
Q

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

A

secondary reinforcer

28
Q

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

A

positive reinforcement

29
Q

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

A

negative reinforcement

30
Q

the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction

A

partial reinforcement effect

31
Q

the reinforcement of each and every correct response

A

continuous reinforcement

32
Q

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

A

fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

33
Q

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

A

variable interval schedule of reinforcement

34
Q

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

A

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

35
Q

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

A

variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

36
Q

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

A

punishment

37
Q

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus

A

punishment by application

38
Q

the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

A

punishment by removal

39
Q

any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

A

discriminative stimulus

40
Q

the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior

A

shaping

41
Q

small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior

A

successive approximation

42
Q

tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

A

instinctive drift

43
Q

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

A

behavior modification

44
Q

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

A

token economy

45
Q

modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

A

applied behavior analysis (ABA)

46
Q

using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control

A

biofeedback

47
Q

form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

A

neurofeedback

48
Q

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

A

latent learning

49
Q

the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly

A

insight

50
Q

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

A

learned helplessness

51
Q

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

A

observational learning

52
Q

referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior

A

learning/performance distinction

58
Q

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association

A

conditioned taste aversion

Psychology (5 decks)

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