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Psychology > Chapter 13 - Theories of Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Theories of Personality Flashcards

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0
Q

Value judgments of a person’s moral and ethical behavior.

A

Character

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1
Q

The unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel and behave.

A

Personality

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2
Q

The enduring characteristics with which each person is born.

A

Temperament

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3
Q

Level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily bought into consciousness.

A

Unconscious mind

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4
Q

Part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious.

A

Id

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5
Q

Principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences.

A

Pleasure principle

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6
Q

Part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical

A

Ego

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7
Q

Principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result.

A

Reality principle

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8
Q

Part of the personality that acts as a moral center.

A

Superego

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9
Q

Part of the superego that produces guilt, depending on how acceptable behavior is.

A

Conscience

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10
Q

Unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety.

A

Psychological defense mechanisms

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11
Q

Psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation.

A

Denial

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12
Q

Psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind.

A

Repression

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13
Q

Psychological defense mechanism in which a person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior.

A

Rationalization

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14
Q

Psychological defense mechanism in which unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating with someone else, usually the target of the impulses or feelings.

A

Projection

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15
Q

Psychological defense mechanism in which a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way he or she really feels to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others.

A

Reaction formation

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16
Q

Redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one.

A

Displacement

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17
Q

Psychological defense mechanism in which a person falls back on child-like patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations.

A

Regression

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18
Q

Defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety.

A

Identification

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19
Q

Defense mechanism in which a person makes up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another area.

A

Compensation (substitution)

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20
Q

Channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior.

A

Sublimation

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21
Q

Disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage.

A

Fixation

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22
Q

Five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child.

A

Psychosexual stages

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23
Q

First stage occurring in the first year to year and a half of life in which the mouth is the erogeneous zone and weaning is the primary conflict.

A

Oral stage

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24
Q

Second stage occurring from about 1 or 1½ years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict.

A

Anal stage

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25
Q

Third stage occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings.

A

Phallic stage

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26
Q

Situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent.

A

Oedipus complex/Electra complex

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27
Q

Fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways.

A

Latency

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28
Q

Freud’s term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it.

A

Psychoanalysis

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29
Q

Followers of Freud who developed their own competing psychodynamic theories.

A

Neo-Freudians

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30
Q

Jung’s name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud.

A

Personal unconscious

31
Q

Jung’s name for the memories shared by all members of the human species.

A

Collective unconscious

32
Q

Jung’s collective, universal human memories.

A

Archetypes

33
Q

Anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults.

A

Basic anxiety

34
Q

Personalities typified by maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horney’s theory.

A

Neurotic personalities

35
Q

In behaviorism, sets of well-learned responses that have become automatic.

A

Habits

36
Q

Theorists who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other people’s behavior and of a person’s own expectancies and learning.

A

Social cognitive learning theorists

37
Q

Learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models.

A

Social cognitive view

38
Q

Bandura’s explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior.

A

Reciprocal determinism

39
Q

Individual’s expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance.

A

Self-efficacy

40
Q

The tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not control over events and consequences of their lives.

A

Locus of control

41
Q

A person’s subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence.

A

Expectancy

42
Q

The “third force” in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice.

A

Humanistic perspective

43
Q

The striving to fulfill one’s innate capacities and capabilities.

A

Self-actualizing tendency

44
Q

The image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one’s life.

A

Self-concept

45
Q

An individual’s awareness of his or her own personal characteristics and level of functioning.

A

Self

46
Q

One’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities.

A

Real self

47
Q

One’s perception of whom one should be or would like to be.

A

Ideal self

48
Q

Warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significang others in one’s life.

A

Positive regard

49
Q

Positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached.

A

Unconditional positive regard

50
Q

Positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish.

A

Conditional positive regard

51
Q

A person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings.

A

Fully functioning person

52
Q

Theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior.

A

Trait theories

53
Q

A consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

A

Trait

54
Q

Aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person.

A

Surface traits

55
Q

The more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality.

A

Source traits

56
Q

Dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation.

A

Introversion

57
Q

Willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences.

A

Openness

58
Q

The care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability.

A

Conscientiousness

59
Q

Dimension of personality referring to one’s need to be with other people.

A

Extraversion

60
Q

People who are outgoing and sociable.

A

Extraverts

61
Q

People who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention.

A

Introverts

62
Q

The emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant.

A

Agreeableness

63
Q

Degree of emotional instability or stability.

A

Neuroticism

64
Q

The assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed.

A

Trait-situation interaction

65
Q

Field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics.

A

Behavioral genetics

66
Q

Method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured and unstructured fashion.

A

Interview

67
Q

Tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client’s behavior and statements.

A

Halo effect

68
Q

Defense mechanism involving placing, or “projecting,” one’s own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts actually belonged to those others and not to oneself.

A

Projection

69
Q

Personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind.

A

Projective tests

70
Q

Projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli.

A

Rorschach inkblot test

71
Q

Projective test that uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli.

A

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

72
Q

Referring to concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person’s perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences.

A

Subjective

73
Q

Assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting.

A

Direct observation

74
Q

Assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale.

A

Rating scale

75
Q

Assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted.

A

Frequency count

76
Q

Paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test.

A

Personality inventory

Psychology (5 decks)

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