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Psychology 101 > Chapter 6 - Memory > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

a group of related mental processes that are involved in acquiring, storing and retrieving information

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2
Q

What is memory?

A

We still do not fully know/understand what memory is, but we know about networks and it is believed that memory taps into these networks

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3
Q

What are the three major processes of memory?

A

Encoding, Storage, and retrieval

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4
Q

Encoding

A

transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained by memory system (kind of like a language)

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5
Q

Storage

A

Retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time

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6
Q

Retrieval

A

Recovering stored information for conscious awareness (going in and getting that information)

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7
Q

The stage model of theory

A

Belief that information is acquired and stored within either sensory, short term or long term memory

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8
Q

Sensory memory

A

Registers a great deal of information from environment for a very brief period of time (usually lost)

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9
Q

Short Term memory

A

temporarily holds all the information you are currently thinking about or consciously aware of

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10
Q

Long Term Memory

A

Long term storage of information, potentially for a lifetime

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11
Q

What happens every time you remember something?

A

You recreate it, therefore changes slightly each time

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12
Q

What is the function of sensory memory?

A

very briefly store sensory impressions so that they overlap slightly with one another
- used to perceive the world as continuous, rather than disjointed images and sounds

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13
Q

Visual Sensory Memory

A

Often referred to as iconic memory because it is the brief memory of an image or icon
- lasts 1/4 to 1/2 a second

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14
Q

George Sparling

A

tested visual sensory memory

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15
Q

Auditory sensory memory

A

sometimes referred to as echoic memory, meaning a brief memory that is like an echo
- lasts up to three or four seconds
- slightly delayed

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16
Q

Short term working memory

A

Provides temporary storage for information transferred from sensory and long term memory
- lasts about 20 seconds
- lasts longer via maintenance rehearsal

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17
Q

Capacity

A

“Magical number” is four plus or minus one
- chunking allows for increased

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18
Q

Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory

A

The terms of working memory and short term memory are sometimes used interchangeably
- three main components (phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive)

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19
Q

Phonological loop

A

verbal info (letters, words, numbers)

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20
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

spacial information (layout of city or bedroom)

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21
Q

Central Executive

A

Controls attention and integrate info and decide what parts to use and when

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22
Q

Duration of long term memory

A

longer than 20 seconds
- has limitless storage capacity
- quick retrieval; with little effort

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23
Q

Procedural memory

A

how to perform different skills, operations, and actions

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24
Q

Episodic Memory

A

memory of specific events or episodes

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25
Q

Autobiographical Memory

A

memory of life events

26
Q

Semantic memory

A

general knowledge (what’s the date, what’s your name, etc)

27
Q

Explicit Memory

A

Form of Long term memory that is also called declarative memory ( memory with conscious recall)
- you can describe it

28
Q

Implicit memory (nondeclarative memory)

A

memory without conscious recall (can’t talk about it )

29
Q

Clustering

A

related items are clustered together to form higher order categories
- list items remembered better if list presented in categories

30
Q

The importance of retrieval cues

A

ability to retrieve stored memory hinges on having an appropriate cue

31
Q

Cued recall

A

test of long term memory that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieveal cue (matching, fill in the blank)

32
Q

Recall

A

test of long term memory that involves retrieving memories without cues (essay, short response)

33
Q

Recognition

A

test of long term memory that involves identifying correct information from a series of possible choices (multiple choice questions

34
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of list rather than middle

35
Q

Primacy Effect

A

tendency to recall the first items in a list

36
Q

Recency Effect

A

Tendency to recall the final items in a list

37
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

involve the recall of very specific details or images surrounding a significant, rare, or vivid event
- usually emotionally charged and stay with you for decades

38
Q

Ebbinghaus

A

first began studying forgetting using nonsense syllable’s
- much of what we forget is lost relatively soon after we learn it

39
Q

How quickly we forget material depends on:

A
  • how well the material was encoded in the first place
  • how meaningful the material was
  • how often it was rehearsed
40
Q

Why do we forget?

A
  • information was not encoded initially into long term memory (encoding failure)
41
Q

Decay Theory

A

When a new memory is formed it creates a distinct structural or chemical change in brain (memory trace). That memory trace is faded over time

42
Q

Challenges to Decay Theory

A

some research has shown that information can be remembered decades after it was originally learned

43
Q

Interference Theory

A

memories interfering with memories
- forgetting is caused by one memory competing with or replacing another

44
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

A new memory interferes with remembering an old one

45
Q

Proactive interference

A

An old memory interferes with remembering new information

46
Q

Motivated forgetting

A

occurs when an undesired memory is held back from awareness

47
Q

Supression

A

conscious forgetting

48
Q

Repression

A

unconscious forgetting (if it is too much for brain to process)

49
Q

Imperfect memories

A
  • memory details change over time
  • misinformation effect
  • source confusion
50
Q

Schemas

A

organize clusters of knowledge and information about particular topics

51
Q

Scripts

A

schemas that involve typical sequence of actions and behaviors at a common event (what you expect)

52
Q

False Memories

A

are created for actions that would have been consistent with a script

53
Q

Lashley

A

Searched for localized memory trace
- concluded that memories are distributed, or stored throughout the brain
- incorrect

54
Q

Thompson

A

Found memory for simple classically conditioned responses to be localized in the cerebellum
- wrong area for all types of memory

55
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Inability to remember past episodic information; common after head injury

56
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories; related to hippocampus damage

57
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

memory involving the sequence of events, but not events themselves

58
Q

Amygdala

A

encodes emotional aspects of memories

59
Q

Medial Temporal lobe

A

encodes and transfers new elicit memories to long term memory

60
Q

Cerebellum

A

Memories involving movement

61
Q

Hippocampus

A

encodes and transfers new explicit memories to long term memory

62
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Progressive disease that destroys the brain’s neurons, gradually impairing memory, thinking, language, and other cognitive functions, resulting in the inability to care for oneself
- Brain develops two abnormal structures: beta amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

Psychology 101 (5 decks)

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