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Psychology 101 > Chapter 4 - Consciousness And Its Variations > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Consciousness And Its Variations Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

your immediate awareness of your internal states - your thoughts, sensations, memories - and the external world around you

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2
Q

William James

A

Described consciousness as a stream or river
- consciousness allows people ti integrate past, present and future behavior, guide future actions, and maintain a sense of self

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3
Q

Characteristics of attention

A
  • Attention has limited capacity and is selective
  • Attention can be blind (you can miss something right in front of your face)
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4
Q

Misdirection

A

magicians exploit the limited, selective nature of attention

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5
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

one does not notice some significant object or event that is in clear field of vision

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6
Q

Inattentional Deafness

A

failing to hear an auditory message when attention is elsewhere

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7
Q

The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (The Body’s Clock)

A

clues and cues the environment and tells us what to do and when to do it
- Environmental cues for circadian rhythm

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8
Q

Pineal gland

A

gland that produces the hormone melatonin (helps regulate sleep)

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9
Q

What is the best cue to regulate cycles (sleep)?

A

light (bright light), especially sunlight
- light is detected by photoreceptors in the supra charismatic nucleus in the hypothalamus

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10
Q

What are the two basic types of sleep?

A

REM: rapid eye movement
NREM: non-rapid eye movement or quiet sleep

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11
Q

Sleep Paralysis

A

being paralyzed while sleeping, you actually feel like what you are dreaming is real

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12
Q

Beta Brain Waves

A

Brain wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness

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13
Q

Alpha Brain Waves

A

brain waves associated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness

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14
Q

Stages of NREM sleep

A

Stage 1: drowsiness/light sleep (alpha and theta waves)
Stage 2: light sleep (alpha and theta waves)
Stage 3 + 4: slow wave sleep (deep sleep) (delta waves)

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15
Q

What waves are associated with REM sleep?

A

alpha and beta waves

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16
Q

What would happen if you were not completely paralyzed during REM sleep?

A

you would begin to act out your dreams

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17
Q

How many minutes are in each sleep cycle?

A

90 minutes

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18
Q

Why do we sleep?

A

to clear brain of metabolic waste products; maintaining immune function, learning and memory, and regulating mood

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19
Q

NREM and Memory Formation

A

slow-wave sleep contributes to forming new episodic memories, which are memories of personally experienced events

20
Q

REM sleep and Memory Formation

A

help consolidate procedural memories which involve learning a new skill or task until it can be performed

21
Q

Sleep Thinking

A

Occurs during NREM slow wave sleep
- vague, bland, thought like ruminations about real life events

22
Q

When do most dreams happen?

A

REM sleep
- they are more vivid during this cycle
- people report a dream about 90 percent of the time

23
Q

Nightmares

A

Vivid and frightening or unpleasant anxiety dreams during REM sleep
- increased by stress, caffeine, and lack of sleep
- most common in children (10% of adults experience nightmares weekly)
- not usually an indicator of a sleep or psychological disorder

24
Q

Night Terrors

A

happens during slow wave sleep
- don’t wake up but you have a physical reaction

25
Q

Dyssomnias

A

sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep
- ex. insomnia, sleep apnea, narcolepsy

26
Q

Parasomnias

A

are undesired arousal or actions during sleep
- sleep terrors, sleep sex, murder, talking

27
Q

Strategies for preventing sleep problems

A
  • monitor intake of stimulants
  • establish a quiet bedtime routine
  • create the conditions for a restful sleep
  • establish a consistent sleep-wake schedule
28
Q

Hypnosis

A

cooperative (must be willing) social interaction in which the person responds to the hypnotists suggestions with changes in perception, memory and behavior

29
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

chemical substances that can alter arousal, mood, thinking, sensations and perception

30
Q

What are the four categories of Psychoactive drugs?

A

depressants, stimulants, psychedelics and opiates

31
Q

What type of influence do drugs have on brain activity?

A
  • alter synaptic transmission amount neurons
  • increase/decrease neurotransmitter amounts
  • blocking, or mimicking/influencing a particular neurotransmitter’s effects
  • ruin the reward pathway
32
Q

Physical Dependence

A

brain and body chemistry have physically adapted to a drug

33
Q

Drug Tolerance

A

increasing amounts needed to gain original effect

34
Q

Withdrawal symptoms

A

unpleasant physical reaction to lack of drug, plus intense craving

35
Q

Drug Rebound Effect

A

Withdrawal symptoms are the opposite of the drugs action

36
Q

Drug Abuse

A

recurrent drug use resulting in disruption of academic, social or occupational functioning in legal or psychological problems

37
Q

Change in reward circuitry

A

normal reinforcing experiences of everyday life are no longer satisfying or pleasurable

38
Q

Addiction

A

condition where a person feels physically compelled to take a substance

39
Q

Epigenetic

A

genes for addiction can be passed down to offspring

40
Q

Depressants

A

depress or inhibit CNS activity
- produce drowsiness, sedation or sleep
- relieve anxiety and lower inhibitions
- ex. alcohol, inhalants, tranquilizers (xanex)

41
Q

Alcohol

A

Psychological effects: produce mild euphoria, lessens inhibitions by depressing brain centers that are responsible for judgement and control

42
Q

Opiates

A

Addictive drugs that relieve pain, produce mild feelings of euphoria
- occupy endorphin receptors in the brain, mimicking the effect of endorphins (alter perception of pain

43
Q

Stimulants

A

increase brain activity
- ex. caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, etc.

44
Q

Caffeine

A

Promotes wakefulness, mental alertness, vigilance, and faster thought processes
- stimulates dopamine in brain’s prefrontal cortex
- can produce anxiety, restlessness and increased heart rate (ruins normal sleep patterns)

45
Q

Psychedelic Drugs

A

create profound perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking
- means mind manifesting
ex. LSD, marijuana

Psychology 101 (5 decks)

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