Chapter 6: Memory

Question 1

Define memory

Answer 1

The retention of information or experience over time

Question 2

What are the processes of memory

Answer 2

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

Question 3

Define Memory Encoding

Answer 3

Process by which information enters memory storage either automatically or with effort. Includes attention, levels of processing, elaboration, and/or the use of mental imagery

Question 4

Define Selective attention involved with attention

Answer 4

Focusing on specific aspects

Question 5

Define Divided attention involved with attention

Answer 5

Multitasking

Question 6

Define Sustained attention involved with attention

Answer 6

Attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time

Question 7

Define Levels of processing

Answer 7

Continuum from shallow to deep. Deeper processing, better memory

Question 8

Define Elaboration

Answer 8

Number of different connections made. Evident in physical activity of brain

Question 9

Describe Shallow level of processing

Answer 9

Physical and perceptual features are analyzed

Question 10

Describe Intermediate level of processing

Answer 10

Stimulus is recognized and labeled.

Question 11

Describe Deep level of processing

Answer 11

Semantic, meaningful, symbolic characteristics are used

Question 12

Give an example of shallow processing

Answer 12

The lines, angles, and contour that make up the physical appearance of an object, such as a car are detected

Question 13

Give an example of Intermediate processing

Answer 13

The object is recognized as a car

Question 14

Give an example of Deep processing

Answer 14

Associations connect with car are brought to mind. You think about the Porsche or Ferrari you hope to buy or the fun you and friends had on a spring break when you drove a car to the beach

Question 15

Define the use of Mental Imagery

Answer 15

Powerful encoding tool

Question 16

Describe Dual-code hypothesis

Answer 16

Memory for pictures are better than memory for words. Pictures stored as both image codes and verbal codes

Question 17

Define Memory Storage

Answer 17

How information is: retained over time, represented in memory

Question 18

Describe Sensory memory

Answer 18

Hold information is sensory form for an instant. Includes Echoic memory, and Iconic memory

Question 19

Define and describe Echoic Memory

Answer 19

Auditory sensory memory, retained for up to several seconds

Question 20

Define and describe Iconic memory

Answer 20

Visual sensory memory, retained for only about 1/4 of a second

Question 21

Describe Short term memory

Answer 21

You have a limited capacity (between 7±2 items). Information retained for up to 30 seconds, without strategies to retain it longer

Question 22

Define Chunking

Answer 22

Grouping information into higher order units

Question 23

Define Rehearsal

Answer 23

Conscious repetition of information

Question 24

Define Working memory

Answer 24

Alternative approach to explaining short term memory. Three part system to hold information temporarily; Phonological loop, visuo-spatial working memory, and central executive

Question 25

Define Phonological Loop

Answer 25

Briefly stores speech based information

Question 26

Define Visuo-spatial working memory

Answer 26

Stores visual and spatial information

Question 27

Define Central Executive

Answer 27

Integrates information