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PSYC 2400 - Cognition > Chapter 6 - LTM Properties > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - LTM Properties Flashcards

1
Q

Autobiographical Memory?

A

Memory for specific events from a person’s life, which can include both episodic and semantic components.

ex. first day of school & name of new friends.

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2
Q

Classical Conditioning?

A

A procedure in which pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response causes the neutral stimulus to elicit the response.

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3
Q

Coding?

A

The form in which stimuli are represented in the mind. For example, information can be represented in visual, semantic, and phonological forms.

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4
Q

Expert-induced Amnesia?

A

Amnesia that occurs because well-learned procedural memories do not require attention.

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5
Q

Explicit Memory?

A

Memory that involves conscious recollection of events or facts that we learned in the past.

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6
Q

Hippocampus?

A

A subcortical structure that is important for forming long-term memories, and that also plays a role in remote episodic memories and in short-term storage of novel information.

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7
Q

Implicit Memory?

A

Memory that occurs when an experience affects a person’s behavior, even though the person is not aware that he or she has had the experience.

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8
Q

Long-term Memory?

A

A memory mechanism that can hold large amounts of information for long periods of time. It is one of the stages in the modal model of memory.

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9
Q

Mental Time Travel?

A

According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory, in which a person travels back in time in his or her mind to reexperience events that happened in the past.

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10
Q

Personal Semantic Memory?

A

Semantic components of autobiographical memories.

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11
Q

Primacy Effect?

A

In a memory experiment in which a list of words is presented, enhanced memory for words presented at the beginning of the list.

  • LTM storage.
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12
Q

Priming?

A

A change in response to a stimulus caused by the previous presentation of the same or similar stimulus.

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13
Q

Proactive Interference?

A

When information learned previously interferes with learning new information.

Ex.) when your old phone number gets in the way of you remembering the new one. Even though you know the new number, your brain keeps thinking about the old one, making it harder to remember the new one.

  • It affects both Short-Term Memory (STM) (like trying to remember the new phone number right now) and Long-Term Memory (LTM) (when your brain keeps pulling up the old number even after years).
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14
Q

Procedural Memory?

A

Memory for how to carry out highly practiced skills. Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory because although people can carry out a skilled behavior, they often cannot explain how they are able to do so.

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15
Q

Propaganda Effect?

A

People are more likely to rate statements they have read or heard as being true, just because of prior exposure to the statements.

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16
Q

Recency Effect?

A

In a memory experiment in which a list of words is presented, enhanced memory of the words at the end of the list.

  • STM storage.
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17
Q

Recognition Memory?

A

Identifying a stimulus that was encountered earlier. Stimuli are presented during a study period; later, the same stimuli plus other, new stimuli are presented. The participants’ task is to pick the stimuli that were originally present.

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18
Q

Release from Proactive Interference?

A

A situation in which conditions occur that eliminate or reduce the decrease in performance caused by proactive interference.

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19
Q

Remember / know Procedure?

A

A procedure in which subjects are presented with a stimulus they have encountered before and are asked to indicate remember, if they circumstances under which they initially encounter it, or know, if the stimulus seems familiar but they don’t remember experiencing it earlier.

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20
Q

Repetition Priming?

A

When an initial presentation of a stimulus affects the person’s response to the same stimulus when it is presented later.

  • Facilitation of cognitive processing of information after a recent exposure to the same information.

Ex.) very brief exposure to a word (30 milliseconds), then a word completion task:
- Word was “Button”, task is then “Fill in the blanks to create the English word that comes to mind: U_T_O”.

  • Nonwords = no to little repetition priming.
  • Priming is greater for words that share the same general meaning (not visually).
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21
Q

Semanticization of Remote Memory?

A

Loss of episodic details for memories of long-ago events.

22
Q

Serial Position Curve?

A

In a memory experiment in which participants are asked to recall a list of words, a plot of the percentage pf participants remembering each word against the position of that word in the list.

23
Q

Skill Memory?

A

Memory for doing things that usually involves learned skills.

24
Q

Suffix Memory - Experiment?

A

How adding an irrelevant item to the end of a list affects recall for the final items on a list in a serial position experiment.

25
Q

Remember-Know - Experiment?

A

Distinguishing between remembered items in which there is memory for learning the item and items that just seem familiar.

Participants were presented with a stimulus they have encountered before and are asked to respond (1) remember if the stimulus is familiar and they also remember the circumstances under which they originally encountered it; (2) know if the stimulus seems familiar but they don’t remember experiencing it earlier; or (3) don’t know if they don’t remember the stimulus at all.

It is important because it distinguishes between the episodic components of memory & semantic components.

26
Q

Implicit Learning - Experiment?

A

How can we learn something without being aware of the learning.

27
Q

Serial Position - Experiment?

A

How memory of a list depends on the item’s position on the list.

28
Q

Declarative =
Non-declarative =

(explicit or implicit)

A

D = explicit LTM
ND = implicit LTM

29
Q

Episodic memory?

A

Life events, personal memory

30
Q

Semantic memory?

A

general memory, facts, knowledge, etc.

31
Q

Parts of Implicit Memory?

A
  • Unconscious memory
  • Skills / habits
  • Procedural
  • Classical conditioning responses
  • Priming
  • Difficult to explain (describe how to ride a bike)
32
Q

Name of the Hippocampus Patient?

A

HM, Henry Molaison

He had untreatable epilepsy, which led to radical surgery involving the removal of his hippocampus and other temporal lobe structures that were thought to be involved in formation / retrieval of LTMs.

RESULTS:
- Total anterograde amnesia.
- Declarative memory completely compromised.
- Limited STM.

33
Q

K.C.?

A
  • Severe motorcycle accident, resulting in brain injuries.
  • Episodic memory was completely eliminated, but semantic memory was completely intact.
34
Q

K.F.?

A
  • Brain damage due to motorcycle accident.
  • STM span for words, letters, and digits was very limited.
  • LTM was intact.
35
Q

Shereshevskii?

A
  • Extraordinary ability to memorize.
  • NEVER TOOK NOTES.
  • Exceptional imagery.
36
Q

Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (HSAM)?

A
  • Organize autobiographical memories.
  • More time spent recalling these memories.
  • Associated with changes in the hippocampus.
37
Q

Which brain regions are associated with explicit LTM?

A
  • Frontal & temporal lobes.
  • Semantic = left prefrontal & temporal regions.
  • Episodic encoding = left prefrontal & medial-temporal regions.
  • Episodic retrieval = prefrontal, medial-temporal, & posterior midline regions.
38
Q

Which brain regions are associated with explicit STM?

A
  • Motor areas, basal ganglia, cerebellum, & non-motor brain areas.
39
Q

What are the usual results of a serial position task?

A
  • Recall is normally higher for words presented at the start (primacy effect) and near the end of the list (recency effect).
  • Words presented in the middle are normally forgotten / not recalled as well.
40
Q

Murdoch ran what experiment?

A
  • Serial position task.
  • List of 10 to 40 words, 90 seconds recall after list is presented.
  • First three words and last three words in list were the best recalled, regardless of list length.
41
Q

Rundus’s Serial Position Task?

A
  • 20 words.
  • 5 second interval between words, participants repeat the words out loud.
  • Increased rehearsal increased the probability of recall.
42
Q

Glazner & Cunitz Serial Position Task?

A
  • List of nouns.
  • 15 words.
  • One second each.
  • Three recall conditions: (1) no delay, (2) 10 second delay [decreased recency], & (3) 30 second delay [no recency effect].
43
Q

Wickens et al. Hypothesis regarding PI?

A

STM & LTM are both prone to PI –> both prone to release from PI.

Ex of PI:
- asked to learn a series of related items; task becomes difficult because old learning interferes with new.
- Implication: if new / distinct information is presented, then the degree of interference is sharply reduced.

44
Q

Wickens et al. Experiment?

A

10 trails, three-digit strings or three letter strings.
- Some participants –> same stimuli –> 10 trials.
- Some participants –> switched stimuli after 5 trials.

Result:
- Switching causes release from PI –> performance increases.

Implication: If new / distinct information is presented, the degree or interference is sharply reduced.

45
Q

Wickens et al. Results?

A

Switching released participants from PI with performance increasing dramatically.

46
Q

Brown & Peterson Task?

A

Task:
- learn triplet –> filled delay –> recall triplet.

Trials 1-3 = triples drawn from the same semantic category.
Trial 4 = triple drawn from different category.

Findings:
- recall drops off very rapidly with delay.

Implication: PI should be reduced when new list differs from prior list.

47
Q

Factors & Parameters Associated with LTM?

A
  • Semantic & Episodic & implicit.
  • Relatively permanent, but can be modified.
  • Uses many different types of codes in storing & retrieving data: visual, auditory, tactile, & semantic processing.
48
Q

Implicit / Procedural Memory Components?

A
  • Memory without conscious awareness.
  • Perceptual information relevant to recognizing words > the priming effects.
  • Knowledge about task performance.
  • Procedural memory.
49
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome?

A
  • Severe declarative memory impairment due to chronic alcohol abuse.
  • Implicit memory is intact.
50
Q

Dissociation?

A

Performance on one task appears independent of performance on another.
- Assumed to reflect two memory systems operating in different ways.

Ex.) Typists:
- Keyboard knowledge vs. actual typing.

51
Q

Explicit is best in _____ condition.
Implicit is best in ____ condition.

A

E = generate.
I = no-context.

PSYC 2400 - Cognition (6 decks)

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