Chapter 10 - Visual Imagery Flashcards
Conceptual Peg Hypothesis?
Associated with Paivio’s dual coding theory, it states that concrete nouns create images that other words can hang on to, which enhances memory for these words.
Degraded Pictures Tasks?
A task in which a line drawing is degraded by omitting parts of the drawing and obscuring it with a visual noise pattern. Task is to identify the object.
Depictive Representation?
Corresponds to spatial representation.
Epiphenomenon?
A phenomenon that accompanies a mechanism but is not actually part of the mechanism.
Ex.) Going for a run —> you sweat (epiphenomenon)
Imageless Thought Debate?
The debate about whether thought is possible in the absence of images.
Imagery Debate?
The debate about whether imagery is based on spatial mechanisms, such as those involved in perception, or on propositional mechanisms that are related to language.
Imagery Neuron?
Neurons in the human brain studied by Kreiman, which fire in the same way when a person sees a picture of an object and when a person creates a visual image of the object.
Mental Chronometry?
Determining the amount of time needed to carry out a cognitive task.
Mental Imagery?
Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.
- Increased brain activity in occipital & temporal lobes when producing mental imagery.
Mental Rotation Task?
A task in which a person judges whether two pictures of 3D geometric objects are pictures of the same objects rotated in space or are pictures of two mirror image objects rotated in space.
Mental Scanning?
A process of mental imagery in which a person scans a mental image in their head.
Mental Walk Task?
A task used in imaginary experiments in which participants are asked to form a mental image of an object and to image that they are walking toward this mental image.
Method of Loci?
A method for remembering things in which the things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout.
Object Imagery?
The ability to image visual details, features, or objects.
Paired-associated Learning?
A learning task in which participants are first presented with pairs of words, then one word of each pair is presented and the task is to recall the other word.
Paper Folding Test (PFT)?
A test in which a piece of paper is folded and then pierced by a pencil to create a hole. The task is to determine, from a number of alternatives, where the holes will be on the unfolded piece of paper.
Pegword Technique ?
A method for remembering things in which to be remembered are associated with concrete words.
Propositional Representation?
A representation in which relationships are represented by symbols, as when the words of a language represent objects and the relationships between objects.
Spatial Imagery?
The ability to image spatial relations.
Spatial Representation?
A representation in which different parts of an image can be described as corresponding to specific locations in space.
Topographic Map?
Each point on a visual stimulus causes activity at a specific location on a brain structure, and points next to each other on the stimulus cause activity at points next to each other on the structure.
Unilateral Neglect?
A problem caused by brain damage, usually to the right parietal lobe, in which the patient ignores objects in the left half of their visual field.
Visual Imagery?
A type of mental imagery involving vision, in which an image is experienced in the absence of a visual stimulus.
- Separate from verbal memory.
Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ)?
A test in which people are asked to rate the vividness of mental images they create. This test is designed to measure object imagery ability.
Link Word - Experiment?
A demonstration of how imagery can be used to help learn foreign vocabulary.
Mental Rotation - Experiment?
How a stimulus can be rotated in the mind to determine whether its shape matches another stimulus.
Damage to Occipital lobes can result in?
- Problems with form / color perception.
Prosopagnosia?
The inability to recognize faces.
What was the early idea regrading mental images?
Images represented as a complete picture (like an individual slide in life slideshow).
- More recent idea = images stored in abstract form.
Spatial vs Imagery Aspects?
Spatial = arrangement in a 3D view / area.
Imagery = what elements make up the image.
Bizarreness and Imagery?
- Bizarreness = no effect on recall.
Is imagery Spatial or Propositional?
Pylyshyn:
- Spatial representation is a epiphenomenon.
- Proposed that imagery is propositional.
Neuropsychological Evidence:
- Separate visual / spatial components.
- Double dissociations.
- (a) Intact visual imagery OR (b) intact spatial imagery.
Mnemonics?
Make it easier to encode / store / retrieve information.
Systems:
- Organizational schemes.
- Based on structuring information.
Simple: no formal system or training required.
Ex.)
- Rhymes.
- Acronyms.
- Acrostic.
Technical Mnemonics?
Commit to memory first, then add items to them (peg board).
(1) Use technical information in order to commit items to memory.
(2) Often a particular encoding scheme –> organizing the learning and recall of information.
E and S (memory people)?
E:
- had an eidetic memory.
- can visualize an exact picture, poem, etc.
S:
- Presented with a long list of words, studied for 5 minutes, and could recall lists for years; both in order and out of order if you asked.
- Recalled up to three decades afterwards.
- Three strategies S used:
(1) Visual imagery.
(2) Synesthesia (senses crossover).
(3) Pegboard technique.
