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Merill's Atlas Volume 1 > Chapter 6 - Lower Limb > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

The talus articulates with four bones

A

Tibia
Fibula
Calcaneus
Navicular bone

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2
Q

The lateral malleolus lies apporximately ________ degreea more posterior the medial malleolus

A

15-20 degrees

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3
Q

How many degrees difference does medial and lateral condyles have?

A

5-7 degrees

  • on lateral radiographs of the knee the central ray is angled 5-7 degrees cephalad to “open” the joint space of the knee
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4
Q

Is a raised bony area that receives the tendon of the adductor muscle, located in posterolateral aspect of medial condyle, assists in identifying over or underrotation in lateral knee radiograph

A

Adductor tubercle

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5
Q

Provide stability for the knee and also act as a shock absorber, are commonly torn during injury

A

Menisci

  • Knee Arthrogramm or MRI - to visualize menisci
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6
Q

Avulsion fracture of the medial malleolus with loss of the ankle mortise

A

Pott’s Fracture

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7
Q

Lucent lesion in the metaphysis, usually at the distal femur

A

Osteoclastoma or Giant Cell tumor

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8
Q

Tangential Patella
More comfortable for Px
Px seated at end of table, foot vertical, plantar surface - 75 degrees angle with IR
Px hold toes for flexed position with strip or gaize bandage
CR - perpendicular to the head of first metatarsal bone

A

Holly Method

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9
Q

Tangential sesamoid
Px prone
Rest great toe on table on a dorsiflexion, ball of the foot perpendicular to horiZontal plane
Center IR to 2nd metatarsal

A

Lewis Method

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10
Q

Tangential Sesamod
Px in lateral recumbent position, unaffected side, flex knees
Foot lateral position w/ first Metatarsopahlangeal jt perpendicular to horizontal plane IR
CR - prominence of the first metatarsopahangeal joint at an agle 40 degrees toward heel

A

Causton Method

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11
Q

In foot oblique how many degrees the foot forms to the plane of IR

A

30 degrees

  • if more than 30 degrees, lateral cuneiforms tends to be theown over the other cuneiforms
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12
Q

This projection is used to demonstrate the structural status of the longitudinal arch.

A

Weight bearing method

Lateromedial - Standing

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13
Q

Exactly place ap and lateral projections
For radiography of clubfoot, used to demonstrate anatomy of foot and bones or ossification centers of the tarsals and their relation to one another

A

Kite Methods

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14
Q

Congenital Clubfoot
Infant is held in a vertical or bending forward position
Plantar of the foot on IR
CR 40 degrees anterior theough lower leg

A

Kandel Method

Axial - Dorsoplantar

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15
Q

Cr for Axial Calcaneus (plantodorsal)

CR for Axial Calcaneus (dorsoplantar)

A

40 degrees cephalad

40 degrees caudad

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16
Q

Weight bearing method of calcaneus also called as

A

Coalition Method because it demonstrate calcaneotalar coalition

CR - 45 degrees anteriorly & posterior surface of flexed ankle, level of the base of fifth metatarsal

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17
Q

Demonstrate posterior articular facet of the calcaneus to determine the presence of joint involvement in cases of comminuted fracture

A

Broden Method

AP Axial Oblique Method

18
Q

For demonstration of anterior talar articular surface - 45degrees oblique
CR - 1 inch distal & 1 inch anterior to the lateral malleolus

A

Isherwood Method (AP Axial Oblique)- Medial Rotation foot

19
Q

Demonstration of the moddle talar articulation surface - 10 degrees

Demonstration for the posterior talar articulation surface - 10 degees cephalad to
CR - 1 inch distal to the medial malleolusp

A

Isherwood Method (AP Axial Oblique): medial rotation ankle

Isherwood Method: lateral rotation ankle

20
Q

Shows posterior articulation of the subtalar joint in profile

A

Isherwood Method (AP Axial Oblique) - Lateral rotation ankle

21
Q

Superior portion of calcaneus

A

Calcaneal sulcus

22
Q

Are obtained after an inversion or eversion injury to verify the presence of a ligamentous tear

A

Stress studies of the ankle joint

23
Q

Rupture in the ligament of ankle joint is demonstrated by

A

Widening of the joint space on the side of injury

24
Q

CR for Knee AP, ASIS and the table top <19 cm (thin pelvis)

A

3-5 degrees caudad

25
Q

CR for AP Knee, ASIS and tabletop 19-24 cm

A

0 degrees

26
Q

CR for AP Knee, ASIS and tabletop >24 cm (large pelvis)

A

3-5 degrees cephalad

27
Q

Why to we need to flex the knee in lateral position to 20-30 degrees

A

This position relaxes the muscles and shows the maximum volume of joint cavity

28
Q

To prevent fragment separation in new or unhealed patellar fractures, the knee should not be flexed more than

A

10 degrees

29
Q

CR for lateral knee

A

5-7 degrees cephalad

30
Q

Leach, Gregg and Siber recommended that a bilateral weight bearing AP projection be routinely included in the radiologic examination of arthritic knees. Why is that?

A

They found that a weight nearing study often reveals narrowing of joint space that appears normal on the non-weight bearing study.

31
Q

PA projection with knee flexed 45 degrees and CR directed 10 degrees caudad. Useful for evaluating joint space narrowing and demonstratong of articular cartilage disease.

A

Rosenberg Method

32
Q

Px in kneeling position on the table, flex knee 70degree from table, CR 20 degrees for intercondylar fossa

A

Holmblad Method

33
Q

Px in prone position, flex knee to either 40 or 50 degree angle, and rest foot on a suitable support. Angle CR according to the angle of the flex knees.
*Demonstrates an obstructed projection of the ontercondyloid fossa and the medial and lateral intercondylar tubercles of the intercondylar eminence.

A

Camp Coventry Method

PA Axial

34
Q

Is usually included to detect loose bodies (“joint mice”), also used in evaluating split and displaced cartilage in osteochondritis dissecans and flattening, or underdevelopment of the lateral femoral condyle in congenital slipped patella.

A

Intercondylar fossa projection

35
Q

In PA patella, how many degreas will the heel be rotated

A

5-10 degrees laterally

36
Q

PA patella provides sharper recorded detail than in AP because

A

Closer OID

37
Q

In Lat patella, how many degrees should the knee flexed

A

5-10 degrees flexion

  • increasing the flexion reduces the patellofemoral joint space
38
Q

☑️Px in prone position
☑️Elevate hip affected side 2-3 inches
☑️Laterally rotate knee 35-40 degrees from prone position
☑️CR at joint space bet patella and femoral condyles at an angle 25-30 degrees
☑️Will show a slightly oblique PA projection of patella with most patell free of superimposition

A 
Kuchendorf Method
(PA Axial Oblique)
39
Q

☑️Px in prone position
☑️flex knee so that tibia and fibula form a 50-60 degree angle from table
☑️CR angle 45 degrees cepahalad to patellofemoral joint
☑️will show subluxation of patella and patellar fractures and allow assessment of the femoral condyles (all tangential)

A

Hughston Method (Tangential)

40
Q

☑️Px supine both knees at end of table
☑️quadriceps muscle should be relax
☑️demostrates an axial projection of the patellae & patellofemoral joints
☑️ CR 30 degrees caudad with 40 knee flexion (60 degrees from vertical)

A

Merchant Method

Tangential Projection

41
Q

☑️This projection should not be attempted until a transverse fracture of patella has been ruled out with lat image or if the patient is in pain
☑️Px prone or supine
☑️shows vertical fractures of bone and articulating surfaces of the patellofemoral articulation

A

Settegast Method

42
Q

For projection of distal femur, rotate the patient’s limb _________to place it in true anatomic position.

Epicondyles are ___________ IR.

A

Internally

Parallel

Merill's Atlas Volume 1 (7 decks)

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