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Image Analysis > Chapter 6: Lower extremities (TIB FIB, KNEE, FEMUR) > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Lower extremities (TIB FIB, KNEE, FEMUR) Flashcards

1
Q

For an AP Tib Fib, how to do you determine rotation

A

Determine rotation by evaluating the relationship of the fibula to the tibia

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2
Q

in an AP TIB FIB, when the leg is laterally (externally) rotated, how does the fibula shift and what does it obscure?

A

the fibula shifts toward and eventually beneath the tibia obscuring the medial mortise
-decrease space between the tib/fib

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3
Q

in an AP TIB FIB, when the leg is medially (internally) rotated, how is the fibula

A

the head of the fibula draws from beneath the tibia

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4
Q

distal fibula is situated too far posterior on the tibia and the fibular head is demonstrated free of the tibial superimposition

A

External rotation of a lateral tib fib
patella too close to table/ heel elevated

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5
Q

distal fibula is too far anterior on the tibia and the fibular head and neck and possibly the mid-shaft is superimposed by the tibia

A

internal rotation of the lateral tib fib
knee too far from table

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6
Q

in a external rotation of the lateral tib fib when the distal fibula is situated too far posterior on the tibia , how is the fibular head

A

fibular head is demonstrated free of the tibial superimposition

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7
Q

in a internal rotation of the lateral tib fib, when the distal fibula is too far anterior on the tibia how is the fibular head and neck

A

the fibular head and neck and possibly the midshaft is superimposed by the tibia

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8
Q

what is in profile in a AP knee

A

medial and lateral femoral epicondyles

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9
Q

how are the femoral condyles in an AP knee

A

femoral condyles are symmetrical

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10
Q

how is the intercondylar eminence in an AP knee

A

Intercondylar eminence is centered within the intercondylar fossa

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11
Q

how is the tibia in an AP knee

A

tibia is superimposed over ¼ inch of the fibular head

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12
Q

how much is the tibia superimposed over the fibular head

A

Tibia is superimposed over ¼ inch of the fibular head

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13
Q

in an ap knee, if the knee is internally rotated, how does the lateral femoral condyle appear?

A

the lateral femoral condyle appears larger (farther away) than the medial condyle

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14
Q

in an ap knee, when there is internal rotation how is the tibia superimposed

A

Tibia is superimposed over less than ¼ inch of the fibular head

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15
Q

when there is too much internal rotation of the knee, what is not in profile anymore

A

the epicondyles

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16
Q

how do you determine the CR for AP knee

A

determine by degree of thickness of buttocks and thigh

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17
Q

For an AP TIB FIB, what is usually superimposed

A

-head of fibula should be superimposed over tibia
-lateral malleolus should be superimposed

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18
Q

what rotation happens more often of the tib fib

A

external rotation

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19
Q

for an ap knee, how much of a degree should you put on an individual that has 25 cm and above measurements

A

5 degrees cephalic

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20
Q

for an ap knee, how much of an angle should you put on an individual that measures between 19 and 24 cm

A

perp

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21
Q

for an ap knee, how much should you angle for an individual that has measurements of 18 cm and below

A

5 degrees caudal

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22
Q

for an ap knee. how was the angle if the fibular head is foreshortened and more than 1/2 inch distal to the tibial plateau

A

the cephalad angle was too great

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23
Q

for an ap knee, if the cephalad angle was too great how is the fibular head

A

foreshortened and more than 1/2 inch distal to the tibial plateau

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24
Q

for an ap knee, if the fibular head is elongated and less than 1/2 inch distal to the tibial plateau how was the angle

A

the caudal angle was too great

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25
if the caudad angle was too great in an ap knee, how is the fibular head
elongated and less 1/2 inch distal to the tibial plateau
26
how much should the knee be rotated in an internal medial oblique knee
45 degrees
27
what is the main reason for an internal medial oblique knee
- to free fibular head of superimposition - to see joint space between tib/fib
28
what is in profile in the internal medial oblique knee
lateral femoral condyle is visible in profile
29
how much is the degree of rotation for the external oblique knee ?
45 degrees
30
what is superimposed by the tibia in the external oblique knee ?
fibular head, neck and shaft
31
what part of the tibia is aligned with the fibular head
Fibular head is aligned with the anterior edge of the tibia
32
what is in profile in the external oblique knee
medial condyle
33
CR for AP knee
CR paralell to joint space
34
in an ap knee, if there is internal rotation, what appears larger
lateral condyle appears larger because it is farther from the IR
35
how many degrees should the knee be flexed for a lateral knee
20-30 degrees
36
what is superimposed in the lateral knee
medial and lateral femoral condyles (this will keep the knee joints space open)
37
what joint space is open in lateral knee
knee joint
38
what is the CR for lateral knee
5-7 degree cephalic
39
what do you do to keep the femoral condyles superimposed
add a 5-7 degree angle
40
41
this condyle is very smooth
lateral condyle
42
which condyle has the bony tubercle
medial condyle
43
what is the bony tubercle called that is on the medial condyle
adductor tubercle
44
where is the adductor tubercle located on the medial condyle?
located posteriorly and superiorly to the medial condyle
45
which condyle sits lower than the other
medial condyle sits lower than the lateral condyle
46
determining lateral and medial condyle: if the cephalic angulation is needed how is the medial condyle
medial condyle is distal
47
if the medial condyle is distal, how is the angulation
cephalic angulation is needed
48
if the medial condyle is proximal , how is the angle
excessive cephalic angulation was used
49
if medial condyle is situated posteriorly in a lateral knee , how was the patella
patella was positioned too far from the IR (leg internally rotated)
50
in a lateral knee, if the medial condyle is situated too anteriorly, how was the patella positioned
the patella was too close to the IR (leg externally rotated)
51
in a lateral knee, if the medial condyle is anterior, how is the lateral condyle
more posterior
52
How is the pt positoned in a holmblad method
- resting on knees -pt leans 70 degrees from ir
53
what is the CR for holmblad method
Cr perp to the tib fib
54
what is in profile in the holmblad method
medial and lateral surfaces of the intercondylar femoral epicondyles
55
what is the main reason for holmblad method
-to see medial and lateral surfaces of the intercondylar fossa -condyles in profile
56
how should the foot be placed in the holmblad method
The foot should be placed with the long axis perpendicular to the imaging table
57
medial and lateral aspects of intercondylar fossa are not superimposed and the patella is rotated laterally (holmblad method)
heel rotated internally
58
patella is demonstrated medially and the tibia is demonstrated without fibular head superimposition holmblad method
heel rotated externally
59
in holmblad method, if the heel is rotated medially how is the patella
placing patella laterally
60
when the heel is out to the lateral in a holmblad method, how is patella
patella is demonstrated medially fibular head without superimposition
61
if patella apex is demonstrated with in the intercondylar foss how was the knee ?
knee was overflexed
62
if the patella is demonstrated laterally and proximal, how was the knee
knee was underflexed
63
What type of projection is the beclere method
ap axial projection
64
how should the leg be flexed for the beclere method
flexed long axis of femur 60 degrees
65
how is the cr for beclere method
cr perp to lower leg
66
what is in profile in an ap femur
Medial and lateral femoral epicondyles are in profile
67
how are the femoral condyles in an ap femur
symmetrical in shape
68
how is the the tibia superimposed in an ap femur
tibia is superimposed over 1/4 inch of the fibular head
69
how is the foot rotated in an ap femur
foot internally rotated 15-20 degrees
70
what should not be seen or baraley seen in an ap femur
lesser trochanter (should not be in profile)
71
what does rotating the foot internally do to the femoral neck
puts the neck of femur parallel to ir
72
fibular head more than 1/4 inch over tibia fibula rolled under tibia what is the rotation of the leg in the femur
externally rotated
73
femoral neck looks foreshortened lesser trochanter in profile how is the leg rotated in the femur xray
leg externally rotated
74
what is in profile in a lateral femur
lesser trochanter
75
how is the head and neck in a lateral femur
superimposed on greater trochanter
76
what is aligned in a lateral femur
Anterior and posterior margins of the medial and lateral femoral condyles are aligned
77
how is the fibular head in lateral femur
Portion of the fibular head beneath the tibia

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