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Image Analysis > Chapter 6: Lower extremities (TIB FIB, KNEE, FEMUR) > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Lower extremities (TIB FIB, KNEE, FEMUR) Flashcards

1
Q

For an AP Tib Fib, how to do you determine rotation

A

Determine rotation by evaluating the relationship of the fibula to the tibia

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2
Q

in an AP TIB FIB, when the leg is laterally (externally) rotated, how does the fibula shift and what does it obscure?

A

the fibula shifts toward and eventually beneath the tibia obscuring the medial mortise
-decrease space between the tib/fib

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3
Q

in an AP TIB FIB, when the leg is medially (internally) rotated, how is the fibula

A

the head of the fibula draws from beneath the tibia

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4
Q

distal fibula is situated too far posterior on the tibia and the fibular head is demonstrated free of the tibial superimposition

A

External rotation of a lateral tib fib
patella too close to table/ heel elevated

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5
Q

distal fibula is too far anterior on the tibia and the fibular head and neck and possibly the mid-shaft is superimposed by the tibia

A

internal rotation of the lateral tib fib
knee too far from table

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6
Q

in a external rotation of the lateral tib fib when the distal fibula is situated too far posterior on the tibia , how is the fibular head

A

fibular head is demonstrated free of the tibial superimposition

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7
Q

in a internal rotation of the lateral tib fib, when the distal fibula is too far anterior on the tibia how is the fibular head and neck

A

the fibular head and neck and possibly the midshaft is superimposed by the tibia

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8
Q

what is in profile in a AP knee

A

medial and lateral femoral epicondyles

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9
Q

how are the femoral condyles in an AP knee

A

femoral condyles are symmetrical

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10
Q

how is the intercondylar eminence in an AP knee

A

Intercondylar eminence is centered within the intercondylar fossa

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11
Q

how is the tibia in an AP knee

A

tibia is superimposed over ¼ inch of the fibular head

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12
Q

how much is the tibia superimposed over the fibular head

A

Tibia is superimposed over ¼ inch of the fibular head

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13
Q

in an ap knee, if the knee is internally rotated, how does the lateral femoral condyle appear?

A

the lateral femoral condyle appears larger (farther away) than the medial condyle

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14
Q

in an ap knee, when there is internal rotation how is the tibia superimposed

A

Tibia is superimposed over less than ¼ inch of the fibular head

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15
Q

when there is too much internal rotation of the knee, what is not in profile anymore

A

the epicondyles

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16
Q

how do you determine the CR for AP knee

A

determine by degree of thickness of buttocks and thigh

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17
Q

For an AP TIB FIB, what is usually superimposed

A

-head of fibula should be superimposed over tibia
-lateral malleolus should be superimposed

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18
Q

what rotation happens more often of the tib fib

A

external rotation

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19
Q

for an ap knee, how much of a degree should you put on an individual that has 25 cm and above measurements

A

5 degrees cephalic

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20
Q

for an ap knee, how much of an angle should you put on an individual that measures between 19 and 24 cm

A

perp

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21
Q

for an ap knee, how much should you angle for an individual that has measurements of 18 cm and below

A

5 degrees caudal

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22
Q

for an ap knee. how was the angle if the fibular head is foreshortened and more than 1/2 inch distal to the tibial plateau

A

the cephalad angle was too great

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23
Q

for an ap knee, if the cephalad angle was too great how is the fibular head

A

foreshortened and more than 1/2 inch distal to the tibial plateau

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24
Q

for an ap knee, if the fibular head is elongated and less than 1/2 inch distal to the tibial plateau how was the angle

A

the caudal angle was too great

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25
Q

if the caudad angle was too great in an ap knee, how is the fibular head

A

elongated and less 1/2 inch distal to the tibial plateau

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26
Q

how much should the knee be rotated in an internal medial oblique knee

A

45 degrees

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27
Q

what is the main reason for an internal medial oblique knee

A
  • to free fibular head of superimposition
  • to see joint space between tib/fib
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28
Q

what is in profile in the internal medial oblique knee

A

lateral femoral condyle is visible in profile

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29
Q

how much is the degree of rotation for the external oblique knee ?

A

45 degrees

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30
Q

what is superimposed by the tibia in the external oblique knee ?

A

fibular head, neck and shaft

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31
Q

what part of the tibia is aligned with the fibular head

A

Fibular head is aligned with the anterior edge of the tibia

32
Q

what is in profile in the external oblique knee

A

medial condyle

33
Q

CR for AP knee

A

CR paralell to joint space

34
Q

in an ap knee, if there is internal rotation, what appears larger

A

lateral condyle appears larger because it is farther from the IR

35
Q

how many degrees should the knee be flexed for a lateral knee

A

20-30 degrees

36
Q

what is superimposed in the lateral knee

A

medial and lateral femoral condyles (this will keep the knee joints space open)

37
Q

what joint space is open in lateral knee

A

knee joint

38
Q

what is the CR for lateral knee

A

5-7 degree cephalic

39
Q

what do you do to keep the femoral condyles superimposed

A

add a 5-7 degree angle

40
Q
A
41
Q

this condyle is very smooth

A

lateral condyle

42
Q

which condyle has the bony tubercle

A

medial condyle

43
Q

what is the bony tubercle called that is on the medial condyle

A

adductor tubercle

44
Q

where is the adductor tubercle located on the medial condyle?

A

located posteriorly and superiorly to the medial condyle

45
Q

which condyle sits lower than the other

A

medial condyle sits lower than the lateral condyle

46
Q

determining lateral and medial condyle:
if the cephalic angulation is needed how is the medial condyle

A

medial condyle is distal

47
Q

if the medial condyle is distal, how is the angulation

A

cephalic angulation is needed

48
Q

if the medial condyle is proximal , how is the angle

A

excessive cephalic angulation was used

49
Q

if medial condyle is situated posteriorly in a lateral knee , how was the patella

A

patella was positioned too far from the IR (leg internally rotated)

50
Q

in a lateral knee, if the medial condyle is situated too anteriorly, how was the patella positioned

A

the patella was too close to the IR (leg externally rotated)

51
Q

in a lateral knee, if the medial condyle is anterior, how is the lateral condyle

A

more posterior

52
Q

How is the pt positoned in a holmblad method

A
  • resting on knees
    -pt leans 70 degrees from ir
53
Q

what is the CR for holmblad method

A

Cr perp to the tib fib

54
Q

what is in profile in the holmblad method

A

medial and lateral surfaces of the intercondylar femoral epicondyles

55
Q

what is the main reason for holmblad method

A

-to see medial and lateral surfaces of the intercondylar fossa
-condyles in profile

56
Q

how should the foot be placed in the holmblad method

A

The foot should be placed with the long axis perpendicular to the imaging table

57
Q

medial and lateral aspects of intercondylar fossa are not superimposed and the patella is rotated laterally
(holmblad method)

A

heel rotated internally

58
Q

patella is demonstrated medially and the tibia is demonstrated without fibular head superimposition
holmblad method

A

heel rotated externally

59
Q

in holmblad method, if the heel is rotated medially how is the patella

A

placing patella laterally

60
Q

when the heel is out to the lateral in a holmblad method, how is patella

A

patella is demonstrated medially
fibular head without superimposition

61
Q

if patella apex is demonstrated with in the intercondylar foss how was the knee ?

A

knee was overflexed

62
Q

if the patella is demonstrated laterally and proximal, how was the knee

A

knee was underflexed

63
Q

What type of projection is the beclere method

A

ap axial projection

64
Q

how should the leg be flexed for the beclere method

A

flexed long axis of femur 60 degrees

65
Q

how is the cr for beclere method

A

cr perp to lower leg

66
Q

what is in profile in an ap femur

A

Medial and lateral femoral epicondyles are in profile

67
Q

how are the femoral condyles in an ap femur

A

symmetrical in shape

68
Q

how is the the tibia superimposed in an ap femur

A

tibia is superimposed over 1/4 inch of the fibular head

69
Q

how is the foot rotated in an ap femur

A

foot internally rotated 15-20 degrees

70
Q

what should not be seen or baraley seen in an ap femur

A

lesser trochanter (should not be in profile)

71
Q

what does rotating the foot internally do to the femoral neck

A

puts the neck of femur parallel to ir

72
Q

fibular head more than 1/4 inch over tibia
fibula rolled under tibia
what is the rotation of the leg in the femur

A

externally rotated

73
Q

femoral neck looks foreshortened
lesser trochanter in profile
how is the leg rotated in the femur xray

A

leg externally rotated

74
Q

what is in profile in a lateral femur

A

lesser trochanter

75
Q

how is the head and neck in a lateral femur

A

superimposed on greater trochanter

76
Q

what is aligned in a lateral femur

A

Anterior and posterior margins of the medial and lateral femoral condyles are aligned

77
Q

how is the fibular head in lateral femur

A

Portion of the fibular head beneath the tibia

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