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PSYC 364 > CHAPTER 6 - Long term memory: structure > Flashcards

CHAPTER 6 - Long term memory: structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is division?

A

Refers to the distinguishing between different types of memory

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2
Q

which 3 types of memory compose long-term memory?

A
  1. episodic memory
  2. semantic memory
  3. procedural memory
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3
Q

what does interaction mean?

A

refers to the fact that different types of memory can interact and share mechanisms

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4
Q

what is the LTM responsible for?

A

the system responsible for storing information for long periods of time.

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5
Q

What is the span that covers LTM?

A

30 seconds ago to earliest memories

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6
Q

what is working memory associated with? (3)

A
  1. understanding language
  2. solving problems
  3. making decisions
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7
Q

A classic experiment by B.B. Murdock, Jr (1962) studied the distinction between STM & LTM by measuring a function called the

A

serial position curve

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8
Q

What is the serial position curve?

A

In a memory experiment in which participants are asked to recall a list of words, a plot of the percentage of participants remembering each word against the position of that word in the list.
Results: they remember words at the beginning and end of the list. Primacy effect & recency effect.

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9
Q

What are the two main effects found in the serial position curve?

A
  1. primacy effect
  2. recency effect
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10
Q

what explains the primacy effect?

A

participants have time to rehearse the words at the beginning of the sequence and transfer them to LTM. The first words received 100% of their attention.

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11
Q

what explains the recency effect?

A

recently presented words are still in STM and thus easier to remember

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12
Q

what does counting backward do for our short-term memory?

A

counting prevented rehearsal and allowed time for information to be lost from STM.

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13
Q

what are the 3 types of coding?

A
  1. visual coding (ex: remembering your 5th-grade teacher’s face)
  2. auditory coding (ex: playing a song in your head)
  3. Semantic coding (coding in terms of meaning)
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14
Q

what is proactive interference?

A

the decrease in memory that occurs when previously learned information interferes with learning new information

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15
Q

How does “release from proactive interference” occur?

A

when the proactive interference that is built up from a category (thus has meaning= semantic coding) is absent and performance increases on the subsequent trial. For example, presenting fruits after 3 trials of professions (The Wickens experiment)

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16
Q

What does the Sachs Experiment demonstrate?

A

That there is semantic coding in long-term memory. Through recognition memory; MC testing after reading a text. The MC included variations of the same sentence in the text and participants were questioned after a long delay.

Results: participants confused the sentences because they remembered the meaning of it but not the exact wording.

17
Q

which is the predominant coding in STM?

A

auditory coding

18
Q

which type of coding often occurs for LTM?

A

semantic coding

19
Q

what is the defining property of episodic memory?

A

mental time travel - reliving the moment, self-knowing, remembering

20
Q

What is an example of semantic memories in STM?

A

Placing words in categories based on meaning

21
Q

Which memories make up explicit memories?

A
  1. Semantic memories
  2. Episodic memories
22
Q

Which type of memory composes implicit memory?

A

Procedural memory

23
Q

what is shallow processing?

A

processing that involves repetition with little attention to meaning. Shallow processing is usually associated with maintenance rehearsal.

24
Q

what is deep processing?

A

processing that involves attention to meaning and relating an item to something else. Deep processing is usually associated with elaborative rehearsal.

25
Q

what are explicit memories?

A

memory that involves conscious recollections of events or facts that we have learned in the past.

26
Q

what are implicit memories?

A

memory that occurs when an experience affects a person’s behavior, even though the person is not aware that they have had the experience

27
Q

what is encoding?

A

the process of acquiring information and transferring it into memory

28
Q

what is the operation span?

A

measuring the operation-word span , a measure of working memory

29
Q

what is the likelihood principle?

A

Part of Helmholtz’s theory of unconscious inference that states that we perceive the object that is MOST LIKELY to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

30
Q

how are explicit memories measured?

A

direct memory tests - recall or recognition tests

31
Q

how are implicit memories measured?

A

indirect memory tests - word completion tasks or priming

PSYC 364 (8 decks)

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