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Psychology > Chapter 6 Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

A discriminative Stimulus

A

A stimulus that is something within the environment that signifies that a certain consequence.

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2
Q

Acquisition

A

Refers to the first stage of learning when a response is established. Its the formation that a new conditioned response tendency depends on

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3
Q

In classical conditioning, it refers to the period when the stimulus comes to evoke the conditioned response

A

Acquisition

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4
Q

Stimulus Contiguity

A

The temporal (time) association between two events

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5
Q

Extinction

A

Refers to the gradual weakening of a conditioned response that results in the behaviour decreasing or disappearing.

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6
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus

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7
Q

Reinforcement

A

When an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response

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8
Q

Shaping

A

The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response

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9
Q

Resistance to Extinction

A

An organism continues to make a response after the delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated.

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10
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

when a Child throws a tantrum and only occasionally does he get the treat.

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11
Q

Reinforcement schedules

A

A specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time

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12
Q

Ratio Reinforcement Schedules

A

Require organism to make the designated response a certain number of times to gain the reinforcer

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13
Q

Fixed ratio Schedule

A

Reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses

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14
Q

Variable-Ratio Schedule

A

Reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced Responses. Much more common. Experienced more with kids

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15
Q

Interval Schedules

A

require a time period to pass between the presentation of reinforcements

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16
Q

Fixed Interval Schedule

A

Reinforcer is delivered for the first response after a set period of time

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17
Q

Variable Interval Schedule

A

The reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed

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18
Q

Superstitious Behaviour

A

Things that you might do because you’ve associated those actions with the positive consequences or a negative consequence.

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19
Q

Primary Reinforcers

A

Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs (ex: food, water, warmth, sex, affection)

20
Q

Conditioned or Secondary Reinforcers

A

Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers (ex: money)

21
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus

22
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus (ex: attending to a new baby when they cry)

23
Q

Best way to see if a reinforcement is working is to…

A

look at the behaviour that is being developed

24
Q

Escape Learning

A

An organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.

25
Q

Avoidance Learning

A

An organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring

26
Q

Two Process Theory

A

learning explains why phobias are highly resistant to extinction

27
Q

Mowrer’s two process theory

A

“Avoidance begins because classical conditioning creates a conditioned fear that is elicited by the warning signal. Avoidance continues because it is maintained by operant conditioning. Specifically, the avoidance response is strengthened through negative reinforcement, since it leads to removal of the conditioned fear”

28
Q

Punishment

A

occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response.

29
Q

The Premack Principle

A

The lower frequency behaviour will increase when performing the higher-frequency behaviour is made contingent on performing the lower-frequency behaviour.

30
Q

Preparedness

A

Preparedness is a concept developed to explain why certain associations are learned more readily than others. For example, phobias related to survival, such as snakes, spiders, and heights

31
Q

Observational Learning

A

The process of learning by watching others, retaining the information, and then later replicating the behaviours that were observed

32
Q

Latent Learning

A

The subconscious retention of information without reinforcement or motivation.

33
Q

Attention

A

To learn through observation, you must pay attention to another person’s behaviour and its consequences

34
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

When you repeatedly try to do something but there is no positive reinforcement. So, you give up. You learn to be helpless

35
Q

Insight Learning

A

Refers to the sudden realization of the solution of any problem without repeated trials or continuous practices

36
Q

Motor reproduction

A

Enacting a modelled response depends on your ability to reproduce the response by converting your stored mental imaged into overt behaviour.

37
Q

Motivation

A

You are unlikely to reproduce an observed response unless you are motivated to do so. Your motivation depends on whether you encounter a situation in which you believe that the response is likely to pay off for you

38
Q

Definition of Learning

A

Refers to the relatively permanent change in behaviour (or potential behaviour) brought about by experience, provided that the change cannot be explained on the basis of a simpler cause

39
Q

Conditional Learning

A

The process of learning associations

40
Q

Classical Learning

A

Learning an association between two stimuli

41
Q

Operant Learning

A

Learning an association between a behaviour and a consequence

42
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A neural stimulus is associated with a natural response

43
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A response is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment

44
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS):

A

A stimulus which evokes an unconditioned response without previous learning

45
Q

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

A

An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous learning

46
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

The previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response

47
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs of previous conditioning

Psychology (7 decks)

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