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Psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Basic Assumption

A

Events are governed by some lawful order

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2
Q

4 steps in Scientific Method

A

Conceptualize a problem
Collect research information (data)
Analyze Data
Draw Conclusions

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3
Q

What is a Theory?

A

A broad idea that attempts to explain or predict observations

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4
Q

An Hypothesis is defined as..

A

A testable prediction

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5
Q

James Lange Theory

A

Theory of emotion. A person’s bodily expressions feed back to influence emotion

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6
Q

5 Steps to create a Scientific Research Method

A 
Formulate a Hypothesis
Design the study
Collect the data
Analyze the data and draw conclusions
Report the findings
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7
Q

Experiment

A

Manipulation of one variable under controlled conditions that results changes so that another variable can be observed

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8
Q

Independent Variable

A

IV: Variable Manipulated

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9
Q

Dependant Variable

A

DV: Variable affected by manipulation

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10
Q

What does the independent variable do?

A

it is the variable that you are controlling or manipulating within a study

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11
Q

What does the dependant Variable do?

A

it is the variable that you are measuring

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12
Q

Operational Defintion

A

Something defined in such that it can be objectively observed and measured

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13
Q

Experimental

A

Receive some special treatment in regard to the Independent Variable

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14
Q

Control

A

Does NOT receive the special treatment, but are treated the same in all other ways

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15
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

Variables other than the Independent that seem likely to influence the dependent variable

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16
Q

Cofounding

A

Variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort cut their specific effects

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17
Q

Random Assignment

A

Each subject has an equal chance of being assigned to the experimental or control condition

18
Q

Demonstration

A

Does random assignment really work?

19
Q

Sample

A

A collection of subjects selected for observation in a study

20
Q

Population

A

The larder collection of subjects from which the sample is drawn and to which the researchers want to generalize the study findings

21
Q

Sampling Bias

A

Exists when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is down or to which the study results are generalized

22
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Experiences lead by subjects who receive fake or ineffectual material.

23
Q

Double-Blind Technique

A

Both subjects and the researcher are kept uninformed about the hypothesis

24
Q

Strengths

A

Conclusions about cause-and effect can be drawn

25
Q

Weaknesses

A

Artificial nature of experiments and practical issues

26
Q

Limitations

A

Can be generalized only to the populations from which sample bias was drawn

27
Q

Advantage of Non-experimental Descriptive Approach

A
  • Generate Ideas & Hypothesis

- Broaden the scope of phenomena that can be studied

28
Q

Disadvantage of Non-experimental Descriptive Approach

A

Researcher is not controlling variables, he/she cannot make cause/effect statements

29
Q

Statistics

A

Using mathematics to organize, summarize and interpret numerical data

30
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A

Organizing & Summarizing data

31
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Interpreting data & drawing conclusions

32
Q

Measure of central Tendency

A

Typical or average score in a distribution (mean, median, mode)

33
Q

What is a Mean?

A

Total average of scores

34
Q

What is a Median?

A

Total score falling in the centre (middle)

35
Q

What is a Mode?

A

The most frequently occurring score

36
Q

Variability

A

How much scores vary from each other and from the mean

37
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Numerical depiction of variability

38
Q

Correlation

A

Numerical index of degree of a relationship

39
Q

What is a correlation expressed as?

A

Any number expressed between 0 and 1. Can be positive or negative

40
Q

Hypothesis Testing

A

The question of: Do observed findings support the hypothesis

41
Q

Statistical Significance

A

When the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low

Psychology (7 decks)

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