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Anatomy > Chapter 6: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Skin

A 
composed of different tissues
Functions:
1. maintains homeostatis
2. protective covering
3. retards water loss
4. regulates body temperature
5. houses sensory receptors
6. contains immune system cells
7. synthesizes vitamin D
8. excretes small amounts of waste
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2
Q

Layers of Skin

A

Epidermis, Dermis, and Subcutaneous layer

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3
Q

Epidermis

A

outer layer composed of stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

Dermis

A

inner layer composed of CT, MT, NT, and blood

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5
Q

Subcutaneous Layer

A

beneath the dermis, adipose tissue of this layer insulates the body and contains blood vessels that supply the skin.

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6
Q

Epidermis

A

lacks blood vessels
keratinized: hardens the epidermis
thickest on palms and soles (0.8-1.4mm)
melanocytes provide melanin (color of skin)
rests on basement membrane - separates epidermis from dermis

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7
Q

Layers of Epidermis

A
  1. Stratum Corneum
  2. Stratum Lucidum (found on thicken skin of palms and soles)
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Spinosum
  5. Stratum Basale
    (CLGSB)
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8
Q

The production of epidermal cells balances with loss of dead cells from stratum corneum

A

Keloid scars: extra epidermal cells produced

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9
Q

Calluses

A

thickening of stratum corneum

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10
Q

Melanocytes

A

lie in stratum basale and underlying CT of dermis

Melanin provides skin color and absorbs UV radiation

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11
Q

Dermis

A

boundary is uneven due to dermal papillae - ridges (fingerprints)
binds epidermis to underlying tissues
composed largely of irregular dense connective tissue (including collagenous and elastic fibers to give toughness and elasticity)
also contains muscle fibers:
smooth muscles - skin enclosing testes, hair follicles, and glands
skeletal muscles - facial muscles anchored to the skin of the face
also contains nerve cell processes to carry impulses to dermal muscles and glands and provide sensation

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12
Q

A tattoo is made with very fine needles injecting inks into the dermis

A

since dermal cells are not shed, the color is permanent

to remove it, a laser has to be used to shatter the ink molecules and the immune system removes the resulting debris

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13
Q

Dermal Receptors

A

Pacinian & Meissner’s Corpuscles

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14
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

stimulated by heavy pressure

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15
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

sense light touch

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16
Q

Free nerve endings

A

respond to temperature change or factors that can damage tissue.

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17
Q

Hair Follicles

A

hair is everywhere except: palms, soles, lips, nipples & parts of the external reproductive organs (some places very fine)

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18
Q

Hair Follicle

A

is a group of epidermal cells at the base of dermis

tube-like depression that extends from surface of skin to dermis

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19
Q

Hair Root

A

embedded in the skin

20
Q

Hair Shaft

A

extends from the surface of the skin

21
Q

Hair Papilla

A

projection of CT that contains blood vessels

22
Q

Hair

A

a hair is made of dead epidermal cells
a healthy person loses from 20-100 hairs/day
a typical hair will grow for 2-6 years, rest for 2-3 months, then fall out
baldness results when hair falls out and isn’t replaced

23
Q

Hair color

A

determined by melanin
dark - more melanin; light - less melanin
cells that make melanin are called melanocytes
albino - no melanin
red- has iron pigment called trichosiderin
gray - mix of pigmented and unpigmented cells

24
Q

Arrector Pilli

A

smooth muscle that attaches to the hair follicle.

goosebumps - contraction, function is to keep you warm.

25
Q

Nails

A

protective coverings

26
Q

Nail plate

A

overlies bed

27
Q

Nail bed

A

overlies skin

28
Q

Lunula

A

half-moon most active growing region

29
Q

Nail appearance mirrors health

A

bluish = circulation problem
white or oval depressions = anemia
pigmented spot = melanoma
horizontal furrows = serious illness or malnutrition
curved nails = heart, lung, or liver disorders
red streaks = rheumatoid arthritis, ulcers, or hypertension

30
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

usually associated with hair follicles
holocrine glands - secrete:
- sebum: mix of fatty material and cellular debris
- helps keep hair and skin soft, pliable, and waterproof
- absent on palms and soles & external reproductive organs

31
Q

Sweat Glands

A

also are called sudoriferous glands
widespread in skin
deeper dermis or hypodermis

32
Q

Eccrine Glands

A

common on forehead, neck and back

33
Q

Apocrine Glands

A

become active in puberty

common in axillary (armpit) regions, groin, and around nipples

34
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

external ear canal, secrete ear wax

35
Q

Mammary Glands

A

secrete milk (only active with pregnancy hormones)

36
Q

Hyperthermia

A

abnormally high body temperature

37
Q

Hypothermia

A

abnormally low body temperature, used during some surgical procedures involving the heart, brain, or spinal cord.
they do this so the metabolic rate lowers so less oxygen is required
they will pack the patient in ice or remove blood, cool it, and return it. (usually between 78-89 degrees)

38
Q

Genetic Factors

A

varying amounts of melanin
varying size of melanin granules
albinos lack melanin

39
Q

Environmental Factors

A

sunlight
UV light from sunlamps
X rays
tans fade as pigmented epidermal cells become keratinized and wear away.

40
Q

Physiological Factors

A

dilation of dermal blood vessels: pink or red (embarrassment/increased heart rate)
constriction of dermal blood vessels: pale (right before pass out)
carotene: accumulated in adipose tissue and casts yellow
jaundice: liver malfunction

41
Q

Healing of Cuts

A

inflammation: normal response to injury or stress
- blood vessels dilate and become more permeable (allow things in)
- skin becomes red, swollen, warm, and painful to touch
- dilated blood vessels provide more nutrients and oxgen

42
Q

Shallow Cut

A

epithelial cells divide more rapidly to fill in gap left from the cut

43
Q

Dermis or subcutaneous level cut

A

blood vessels break and blood forms a clot/scab

44
Q

Cuts

A
  • fibroblats migrated to area and form new collagenous fibers that bind wounds together
  • CT matrix release growth factors that stimulate cells to divide and regenerate damaged tissue
  • phagocytic cells remove dead cells and other debris
  • damaged tissues are replaced and scab sloughs off
  • scar: CT is replacing skin that was damaged
45
Q

First Degree Burn

A

superficial partial-thickness

46
Q

Second Degree Burn

A

deep partial-thickness

burn destroys some epidermis as well as dermis

47
Q

Third Degree Burn

A

full-thickness

  • autograft: same person
  • homograft: person to person
  • various skin substitutes are used to cover extensive burns.

Anatomy (6 decks)

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