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Hospital Corpsman Manual > Chapter 6: Human Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Human Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

the study of body structures and the relation of one part to another

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2
Q

physiology

A

the study of how the body works and how the various parts function individually and in relation to each other

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3
Q

anatomical position

A

is used as a point of reference; assumed when the body stands erect with the arms hanging at the sides and the palms of the hands turned forward

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4
Q

anterior(ventral)

A

toward the front, or along the belly side of the body

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5
Q

posterior(dorsal)

A

toward the back, or along the vertebral side of the body

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6
Q

medial

A

near or toward the mid-sagittal plane of the body

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7
Q

lateral

A

away from the mid-sagittal plane of the body

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8
Q

internal

A

inside

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9
Q

external

A

outside

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10
Q

proximal

A

nearest to the point of orgin or towards the trunk

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11
Q

distal

A

away from the point of origin or away from the trunk

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12
Q

superior

A

toward the top of the body or above

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13
Q

caudal

A

toward the lower end of the body

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14
Q

inferior

A

toward the bottom of the body or below

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15
Q

supine

A

lying position of the body, face up

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16
Q

prone

A

lying position of the body, face down

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17
Q

lateral recumbent

A

lying position of the body, on either side

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18
Q

peripheral

A

the outward part or surface of a structure

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19
Q

digestion

A

involves the physical and chemical breakdown of food into its simplest forms

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20
Q

metabolism

A

is the process of absorption, storage, and use of these foods for body growth, maintenance, and repair

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21
Q

homeostasis

A

the body’s self-regulated control of its internal environment; allows the organism to maintain a state of constancy or equlibrium, in spite of vast changes in the external environment

22
Q

what are the leves of organization

A

chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

23
Q

chemical level

A

the beginning level of the organization of the body

24
Q

organelle level

A

consist of chemical structures organized within larger units(cells) to perform a specific function

25
Q

cellular level

A

consist of the smallest and most numerous structural unit that possess and exhibits the basic characterstics of living matter

26
Q

tissue level

A

are a group of many similar cells that all develop together from the same part of an embryo and all perform a certain function; are the “fabric” of the body

27
Q

organ level

A

a structure made up of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that, together, they can perform a special function

28
Q

system level

A

involves varying numbers of kinds of organs arranged so that, together, they can perform complex functions for the body.

29
Q

what are the major systems of the body

A

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respriatory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive

30
Q

what is the smallest and most numerous structural unit that possesses and exhibits the basic characteristics of living matter

A

the cell

31
Q

plasma membrane

A

is selectively permeable. it controls the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment by physical and chemical means

32
Q

diffusion

A

a process during which elements achieve equlibrium by moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

33
Q

nucelus

A

a small,dense, usually spherical body that controls the chemical reactions occuring in the cell; also important in the cells reproduction, due to the storage of genetic information. every human cell contains 46chromosomes, and each chromosomes has thousands of genes that determine a cells function

34
Q

cytoplasm

A

depend on all the vital functions of nutrition, secretion, growth, circulation, reproduction, excitability, and movement

35
Q

the cytoplasm is made of what various organelles and molecules suspended in watery fluid

A

cytosol or intracellular fluid

36
Q

epithelium

A

the lining tissue of the body

37
Q

cila

A

provide motion to move secretions and other matter along the surfaces from which they extend. they also act as a barrier by preventing foreign matter from entering cavities

38
Q

areolor connective tissue

A

is extensively distributed throughout the body and its chief function is to bind parts of the body together; allows a considerable amount of movement to take place because of its elasticity

39
Q

adipose connective tissue

A

“fatty tissue”; first appears as star-shaped; acts as a reservoir for energy-producing foods; helps reduce body heat loss; serves as support for various organs and fragile structures

40
Q

osseous connective tissue

A

“bone tissue”; dense fibrous connective tissue that forms tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bones

41
Q

muscular tissue

A

provides all body movement

42
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

voluntary; muscle fiber is striated, or striped, and is under the control of the individual’s will

43
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

muscle fibers are smooth, or non-striated, and are not under the control of the individual’s will

44
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

involuntary muscles and are located only in the heart

45
Q

neuron

A

highly specialized cell; recieves stimuli from and conducts impulses to all parts of the body

46
Q

what are some functions of the skin

A

covers almost every visible part of the human body; protects the underlying structures from injury and invasion by foreign organiss; it contains the perpheral endings of many sensory nerves; it has limited excretory and absorbing powers; regulates body temperature; waterproof covering that prevents excessive water loss

47
Q

epidermis

A

outer layer of skin

48
Q

what are the 5 strata of eqidermal cells?

A

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale

49
Q

dermis

A

” the true skin”; lies below the epidermis and gradually blends into the deeper tissue

50
Q

what are the two types of nerve fibers that the skin contains that carry impluses to and from the central nervous system

A

motor and sensory nerve fibers

51
Q

what are some appendages of the skin

A

nails, hairs, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and ceruminous glands

Hospital Corpsman Manual (7 decks)

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