Chapter 6: Human Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
anatomy
the study of body structures and the relation of one part to another
physiology
the study of how the body works and how the various parts function individually and in relation to each other
anatomical position
is used as a point of reference; assumed when the body stands erect with the arms hanging at the sides and the palms of the hands turned forward
anterior(ventral)
toward the front, or along the belly side of the body
posterior(dorsal)
toward the back, or along the vertebral side of the body
medial
near or toward the mid-sagittal plane of the body
lateral
away from the mid-sagittal plane of the body
internal
inside
external
outside
proximal
nearest to the point of orgin or towards the trunk
distal
away from the point of origin or away from the trunk
superior
toward the top of the body or above
caudal
toward the lower end of the body
inferior
toward the bottom of the body or below
supine
lying position of the body, face up
prone
lying position of the body, face down
lateral recumbent
lying position of the body, on either side
peripheral
the outward part or surface of a structure
digestion
involves the physical and chemical breakdown of food into its simplest forms
metabolism
is the process of absorption, storage, and use of these foods for body growth, maintenance, and repair
homeostasis
the body’s self-regulated control of its internal environment; allows the organism to maintain a state of constancy or equlibrium, in spite of vast changes in the external environment
what are the leves of organization
chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
chemical level
the beginning level of the organization of the body
organelle level
consist of chemical structures organized within larger units(cells) to perform a specific function
cellular level
consist of the smallest and most numerous structural unit that possess and exhibits the basic characterstics of living matter
tissue level
are a group of many similar cells that all develop together from the same part of an embryo and all perform a certain function; are the “fabric” of the body
organ level
a structure made up of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that, together, they can perform a special function
system level
involves varying numbers of kinds of organs arranged so that, together, they can perform complex functions for the body.
what are the major systems of the body
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respriatory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive
what is the smallest and most numerous structural unit that possesses and exhibits the basic characteristics of living matter
the cell
plasma membrane
is selectively permeable. it controls the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment by physical and chemical means
diffusion
a process during which elements achieve equlibrium by moving from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
nucelus
a small,dense, usually spherical body that controls the chemical reactions occuring in the cell; also important in the cells reproduction, due to the storage of genetic information. every human cell contains 46chromosomes, and each chromosomes has thousands of genes that determine a cells function
cytoplasm
depend on all the vital functions of nutrition, secretion, growth, circulation, reproduction, excitability, and movement
the cytoplasm is made of what various organelles and molecules suspended in watery fluid
cytosol or intracellular fluid
epithelium
the lining tissue of the body
cila
provide motion to move secretions and other matter along the surfaces from which they extend. they also act as a barrier by preventing foreign matter from entering cavities
areolor connective tissue
is extensively distributed throughout the body and its chief function is to bind parts of the body together; allows a considerable amount of movement to take place because of its elasticity
adipose connective tissue
“fatty tissue”; first appears as star-shaped; acts as a reservoir for energy-producing foods; helps reduce body heat loss; serves as support for various organs and fragile structures
osseous connective tissue
“bone tissue”; dense fibrous connective tissue that forms tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bones
muscular tissue
provides all body movement
skeletal muscle tissue
voluntary; muscle fiber is striated, or striped, and is under the control of the individual’s will
smooth muscle tissue
muscle fibers are smooth, or non-striated, and are not under the control of the individual’s will
cardiac muscle tissue
involuntary muscles and are located only in the heart
neuron
highly specialized cell; recieves stimuli from and conducts impulses to all parts of the body
what are some functions of the skin
covers almost every visible part of the human body; protects the underlying structures from injury and invasion by foreign organiss; it contains the perpheral endings of many sensory nerves; it has limited excretory and absorbing powers; regulates body temperature; waterproof covering that prevents excessive water loss
epidermis
outer layer of skin
what are the 5 strata of eqidermal cells?
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale
dermis
” the true skin”; lies below the epidermis and gradually blends into the deeper tissue
what are the two types of nerve fibers that the skin contains that carry impluses to and from the central nervous system
motor and sensory nerve fibers
what are some appendages of the skin
nails, hairs, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and ceruminous glands
