Chapter 6: Graphing Flashcards
Bar Graph
Bars that show the frequency, count, or proportion of different values.
AKA Histogram
Allow comparison of separate data sets that aren’t related
Based on Cartesian plane
Bar Graph Pros and Cons
Pros:
* Summary of data on individual or group performance, comparing large amounts of data.
* Displays discrete data that are not related by an underlying dimension.
Cons:
* Doesn’t show variability or trends in data.
Cumulative Record Definition
Shows the total number of responses made over time is important.
Helpful to use when providing feedback, when the target behavior can only happen once per measurement period, and when detailed analysis of portions of data from an experiment is valuable.
Skinner
Cumulative Record Info
- Never decreases.
- The steeper the slope, the higher the response rate.
- Used when total number of responses made over time is important.
- Flat line means no responding.
- Target behavior can only occur once per measurement period.
- Enables a detailed analysis of behavior change.
- Effective as a source of feedback for the participant.
- Keeps track of total frequency since measurement began.
Cumulative Recorder
A device that automatically draws cumulative records (graphs) that show the rate of response in real time.
Data
The results of measurement
Data Path
The line that connects data points.
Dependent Variable
The behavior.
What is being measured.
Equal Interval Scale
A graph is plotted with equal distances between points on the axis.
Represents the same amount of behavior change for each unit of distance.
Types of Equal Interval Graphs
Line graph
Bar graph
Cumulative record
Scatterplot
Graph
A visual format for displaying data.
Independent Variable
The intervention.
The variable being manipulated.
Level
Do the data points fall within a specified range on the vertical axis (y-axis)?
Line graph
Data points are connected by a line to demonstrate changes over time of one continuous variable.
AKA Frequency polygon, equal interval graph, add-subtract graph.
Local Response Rate
The average rate of response during a smaller period of time within a larger period for which an overall response rate has been given.
Non-Equal Interval Graphs
Standard Celeration Chart
Overall Response Rate
The rate of response over a given time period.
Precision Teaching
An instructional approach that involves:
1. Pinpointing the skills to be learned.
2. Measuring the initial frequency or rate per minute at which the student can perform those skills.
3. Setting an aim, or goal for the child’s improvement.
4. Using direct, daily measurement to monitor progress made under an instructional program.
5. Charting the result of those measurements on a standard celeration chart.
6. Changing the program if progress is not adequate.
Ratio Scale
A scale in which equal distances on a graph’s axis correspond to equal ratios of change in the variable plotted on the axis.
Scatterplot
Visual groupings of unconnected data points typically reflecting time of day when behavior occurs, across multiple days.
Split Middle Line of Progress
A line drawn through a series of graphed data points that shows the overall trend in the data. Drawn through the intersections of the vertical and horizontal middles of each half of the charted data and then adjusted up or down so that half of all the data points fall on or above and half fall on or below the line.
Standard Celeration Chart
Displays rate over time.
AKA Semilogarithmic chart
Trend
Are the data points increasing, decreasing, or neither?
Variability
How consistent is the data?
Then wht data points are relatively on the same level, the variability is lower, while greater inconsistency among the data points results in higher variability.
Visual Analysis
Analyzing and interpreting the data displayed on a graph.
