Chapter 6: Graphing

Question 1

Bar Graph

Answer 1

Bars that show the frequency, count, or proportion of different values.

AKA Histogram
Allow comparison of separate data sets that aren’t related

Based on Cartesian plane

Question 2

Bar Graph Pros and Cons

Answer 2

Pros:
* Summary of data on individual or group performance, comparing large amounts of data.
* Displays discrete data that are not related by an underlying dimension.
Cons:
* Doesn’t show variability or trends in data.

Question 3

Cumulative Record Definition

Answer 3

Shows the total number of responses made over time is important.
Helpful to use when providing feedback, when the target behavior can only happen once per measurement period, and when detailed analysis of portions of data from an experiment is valuable.

Skinner

Question 4

Cumulative Record Info

Answer 4

• Never decreases.
• The steeper the slope, the higher the response rate.
• Used when total number of responses made over time is important.
• Flat line means no responding.
• Target behavior can only occur once per measurement period.
• Enables a detailed analysis of behavior change.
• Effective as a source of feedback for the participant.
• Keeps track of total frequency since measurement began.

Question 5

Cumulative Recorder

Answer 5

A device that automatically draws cumulative records (graphs) that show the rate of response in real time.

Question 6

Data

Answer 6

The results of measurement

Question 7

Data Path

Answer 7

The line that connects data points.

Question 8

Dependent Variable

Answer 8

The behavior.
What is being measured.

Question 9

Equal Interval Scale

Answer 9

A graph is plotted with equal distances between points on the axis.
Represents the same amount of behavior change for each unit of distance.

Question 10

Types of Equal Interval Graphs

Answer 10

Line graph
Bar graph
Cumulative record
Scatterplot

Question 11

Graph

Answer 11

A visual format for displaying data.

Question 12

Independent Variable

Answer 12

The intervention.
The variable being manipulated.

Question 13

Level

Answer 13

Do the data points fall within a specified range on the vertical axis (y-axis)?

Question 14

Line graph

Answer 14

Data points are connected by a line to demonstrate changes over time of one continuous variable.

AKA Frequency polygon, equal interval graph, add-subtract graph.

Question 15

Local Response Rate

Answer 15

The average rate of response during a smaller period of time within a larger period for which an overall response rate has been given.

Question 16

Non-Equal Interval Graphs

Answer 16

Standard Celeration Chart

Question 17

Overall Response Rate

Answer 17

The rate of response over a given time period.

Question 18

Precision Teaching

Answer 18

An instructional approach that involves:
1. Pinpointing the skills to be learned.
2. Measuring the initial frequency or rate per minute at which the student can perform those skills.
3. Setting an aim, or goal for the child’s improvement.
4. Using direct, daily measurement to monitor progress made under an instructional program.
5. Charting the result of those measurements on a standard celeration chart.
6. Changing the program if progress is not adequate.

Question 19

Ratio Scale

Answer 19

A scale in which equal distances on a graph’s axis correspond to equal ratios of change in the variable plotted on the axis.

Question 20

Scatterplot

Answer 20

Visual groupings of unconnected data points typically reflecting time of day when behavior occurs, across multiple days.

Question 21

Split Middle Line of Progress

Answer 21

A line drawn through a series of graphed data points that shows the overall trend in the data. Drawn through the intersections of the vertical and horizontal middles of each half of the charted data and then adjusted up or down so that half of all the data points fall on or above and half fall on or below the line.

Question 22

Standard Celeration Chart

Answer 22

Displays rate over time.

AKA Semilogarithmic chart

Question 23

Trend

Answer 23

Are the data points increasing, decreasing, or neither?

Question 24

Variability

Answer 24

How consistent is the data?
Then wht data points are relatively on the same level, the variability is lower, while greater inconsistency among the data points results in higher variability.

Question 25

Visual Analysis

Answer 25

Analyzing and interpreting the data displayed on a graph.