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Chapter 2: Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Antecedent

A

Whatever occurs right before a behavior.

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2
Q

Automatic Reinforcement

A

Engaging in the behavior is what produces the reinforcement; these behaviors are not socially mediated.

“I don’t need you”

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3
Q

Automaticity of Reinforcement

A

Behavior is reinforced or punished without the individual knowing that reinforcement or punishment is occurring.

Example: Putting on a jacket when it’s cold without thinking about it.

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4
Q

Aversive Stimulus

A

An unpleasant event that is intended to decrease the probability of a behavior when it is presented as a consequence.

Example: A chore as a consequence to breaking curfue.

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5
Q

Behavior

A

Any activity that a living organism does.

Dead Man’s Test

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6
Q

Behavior Change Tactic

A

A technologically consistent method for changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior.

Example: Response cost is derived from the principle of negative reinforcement.

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7
Q

Conditioned Punisher

A

Learned punisher.

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8
Q

Conditioned Reflex/Response

A

A response or reflex that occurs because of one’s learning history and results due to and in the presence of a particular stimulus.

Example: Blinking before the “puff” of air comes at the eye doctor.

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9
Q

Conditioned Reinforcer

A

Learned reinforcer; secondary reinforcer

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10
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

A stimulus that was once neutral but is now conditioned and elicits a response.

Example: Needle at doctor

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11
Q

Consequence

A

Whatever occurs right after a behavior.

Example: Receiving a token for answering a question correctly.

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12
Q

Contingency

A

Refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables.

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13
Q

Contingency Shaped Behavior

A

Behavior that changes based on a learning history.

Example: Not speeding because you got a speeding ticket.

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14
Q

Contingent

A

Describes reinforcement or punishment that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred.

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15
Q

Deprivation

A

Withholding access to reinforcement for a specified period of time to increase the effectiveness of the reinforcer.

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16
Q

Discriminated Operant

A

An operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others.

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17
Q

Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

A

Signals availability of a reinforcer.

Example: “OPEN” Sign

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18
Q

Elicit

A

A behavior that is unlearned and occurs when a particular stimulus is present.

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19
Q

Emit

A

Used to describe behavior occurring due to the consequence being the major controlling variable.

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20
Q

Evoke

A

Used to describe behavior occurring due to the MOs occurring with the antecedent events being the major controlling variable.

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21
Q

Environment

A

Anywhere the behavior happens.

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22
Q

Extinction

A

No longer reinforce a behavior that has been previously reinforced.

Example: No longer using a token system to reinforce hand raising.

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23
Q

Extinction AKA

A

Operant Extinction

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24
Q

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer

A

A learned reinforcer that has been generalized across subjects, behaviors, and environments.

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25
Generalized Conditioned Punisher
A learned punisher that has been generalized across subjects, behaviors, and environments.
26
Habituation
When the stimulus is repeatedly presented, the subject "gets used to it", and the response will slowly fade and eventually not occur at all. ## Footnote Example: Squinting because of light in eyes diminishes over time because of constant light in the eyes.
27
Higher-Order Conditioning
A reflex can occur through repeated presentation of additional neutral stimuli that is presented during stimulus-stimulus pairing.
28
History of Reinforcement
All of a person's learning experiences with past conditioning with respect to particular response classes or aspects of a person's repertoire.
29
Joint Control
A phenomenon in which two separate, but interrelated forms of a person's own verbal behavior, combine to acquire stimulus control of a response that would not have occurred in the absence of either.
30
Motivating Operation
Enhance or reduces reinforcement value. ## Footnote Example: Needing to study, bad headache
31
Negative Punishment
Something removed that decreases the future frequency of the behavior. ## Footnote Example: Time out, response cost
32
Negative Reinforcement
Removing something that increases the future frequency of the behavior. ## Footnote Example: Escape, avoidance
33
Neutral Stimulus
A stimulus that has zero control over a behavior that the individual elicits. ## Footnote Example: Bell before being paired with food.
34
Operant Behavior
Behavior that occurs due to one's prior learning history with punishment and reinforcement. ## Footnote Example: Putting on an ovan mitt to pick up a hot pan.
35
Operant Conditioning
S-R-S (A-B-C)
36
Positive Punishment
Something added that decreases future frequency of behavior. ## Footnote Example: Spank, reprimand
37
Positive Reinforcement
Something added that increases the future frequency of behavior. ## Footnote Example: Praise, tokens, high five, something you like
38
Principles of Behavior
Extinction, Reinforcement, Punishment
39
Punisher
Anything designed to eliminate or decrease a behavior. ## Footnote Example: A chore to decrease breaking curfue.
40
Punishment
Decrease to behavior. ## Footnote Example: Decrease in head banging.
41
Reflex
An unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response. ## Footnote Example: Blinking when air is blown in eyes.
42
Reinforcement
Increase in behavior. ## Footnote Example: Increase time doing homework.
43
Reinforcer
Anything designed to increase a behavior. ## Footnote Example: iPad time to increase cleaning room.
44
Repertoire
Thing things someone can do. ## Footnote Example: Reading, writing name, sitting.
45
Respondent Behavior
Reflexive behaviors that have no learning history. ## Footnote Example: Sleep
46
Respondent Conditioning
US + NS = CS = CR ## Footnote Example: Bell paired with food.
47
Respondent Extinction
If conditioned stimulus is presented over and over without presenting unconditioned stimulus, it results in unpairing. ## Footnote Example: Bell unpaired with food.
48
Response
One occurrence of a behavior.
49
Response Class
A group of responses that serve the same function. ## Footnote Example: All the ways you can get attention.
50
Rule Governed Behavior
Behavior based on a set of rules. ## Footnote Example: Not drinking and driving because it is the law.
51
Skill
Any task or action that one has mastered.
52
Socially Mediated Contingency
When other people deliver the consequence for the behavior or are presenting the antecedent stimuli in some way. ## Footnote Example: You get together with friends who ask you to tell a joke. You tell a joke and they laugh.
53
Stimulus
Anything in our environment that we contact through our five senses. ## Footnote Example: Food
54
Three Receptor Systems Impacted by Stimuli
Exteroreceptors, Interoceptors, Proprioceptors
55
Exteroreceptors
Your five senses.
56
Interoceptors
The internal receptors that allow you to feel pain or internal discomfort.
57
Proprioceptors
The receptors that respond to movement.
58
Stimulus Class
Set of stimulus: formal, temporal, arbitrary, feature, functional
59
Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing
A neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned or unconditioned stimulus, and following the repeated presentation, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that will elicit a response on its own. ## Footnote Example: Coughing when you have a tickle in your throat.
60
Three-Term Contingency
ABC (Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence).
61
Unconditioned Punisher
Unlearned punisher ## Footnote Example: Pain
62
Unconditioned Reinforcer
Unlearned reinforcer; primary reinforcer ## Footnote Example: Eating when hungry
63
Unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that leads to an automatic response. AKA Reflex. ## Footnote Sun and squinting
64
Unconditioned Response
A response that occurs without any prior learning history as a result of the presence of a particular stimulus.
65
Formal Stimulus Class
Share physical features with one another. ## Footnote Example: Size, shape, weight, color, magnitude, etc.
66
Temporal Stimulus Class
Exist in a similar temporal space as one another. Refers to time in relation to the behavior of interest.
67
Arbitrary Stimulus Class
Stimuli that evoke or abate similar responses but do not share common features ## Footnote Example: Meat and vegetables
68
Feature Stimulus Class
Stimulus generalization. Generalizing one response to multiple stimuli in this class.
69
Functional Stimulus Class
Share a similar effect on behavior. ## Footnote Example: When you hear music, you start to dance, regardless of what type of music you hear.
70
Stimulus Control
A certian behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of a certain stimulus and the beahvior does not occur in the absence of the stimulus. ## Footnote Example: A child says "dog" in the presence of a chihuahua but does not say "dog" when in the presence of a cat.

ABA (8 decks)

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