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ABA > Chapter 2: Basic Concepts > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Antecedent

A

Whatever occurs right before a behavior.

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2
Q

Automatic Reinforcement

A

Engaging in the behavior is what produces the reinforcement; these behaviors are not socially mediated.

“I don’t need you”

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3
Q

Automaticity of Reinforcement

A

Behavior is reinforced or punished without the individual knowing that reinforcement or punishment is occurring.

Example: Putting on a jacket when it’s cold without thinking about it.

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4
Q

Aversive Stimulus

A

An unpleasant event that is intended to decrease the probability of a behavior when it is presented as a consequence.

Example: A chore as a consequence to breaking curfue.

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5
Q

Behavior

A

Any activity that a living organism does.

Dead Man’s Test

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6
Q

Behavior Change Tactic

A

A technologically consistent method for changing behavior derived from one or more principles of behavior.

Example: Response cost is derived from the principle of negative reinforcement.

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7
Q

Conditioned Punisher

A

Learned punisher.

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8
Q

Conditioned Reflex/Response

A

A response or reflex that occurs because of one’s learning history and results due to and in the presence of a particular stimulus.

Example: Blinking before the “puff” of air comes at the eye doctor.

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9
Q

Conditioned Reinforcer

A

Learned reinforcer; secondary reinforcer

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10
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

A stimulus that was once neutral but is now conditioned and elicits a response.

Example: Needle at doctor

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11
Q

Consequence

A

Whatever occurs right after a behavior.

Example: Receiving a token for answering a question correctly.

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12
Q

Contingency

A

Refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables.

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13
Q

Contingency Shaped Behavior

A

Behavior that changes based on a learning history.

Example: Not speeding because you got a speeding ticket.

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14
Q

Contingent

A

Describes reinforcement or punishment that is delivered only after the target behavior has occurred.

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15
Q

Deprivation

A

Withholding access to reinforcement for a specified period of time to increase the effectiveness of the reinforcer.

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16
Q

Discriminated Operant

A

An operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others.

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17
Q

Discriminative Stimulus (SD)

A

Signals availability of a reinforcer.

Example: “OPEN” Sign

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18
Q

Elicit

A

A behavior that is unlearned and occurs when a particular stimulus is present.

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19
Q

Emit

A

Used to describe behavior occurring due to the consequence being the major controlling variable.

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20
Q

Evoke

A

Used to describe behavior occurring due to the MOs occurring with the antecedent events being the major controlling variable.

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21
Q

Environment

A

Anywhere the behavior happens.

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22
Q

Extinction

A

No longer reinforce a behavior that has been previously reinforced.

Example: No longer using a token system to reinforce hand raising.

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23
Q

Extinction AKA

A

Operant Extinction

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24
Q

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer

A

A learned reinforcer that has been generalized across subjects, behaviors, and environments.

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25
Q

Generalized Conditioned Punisher

A

A learned punisher that has been generalized across subjects, behaviors, and environments.

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26
Q

Habituation

A

When the stimulus is repeatedly presented, the subject “gets used to it”, and the response will slowly fade and eventually not occur at all.

Example: Squinting because of light in eyes diminishes over time because of constant light in the eyes.

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27
Q

Higher-Order Conditioning

A

A reflex can occur through repeated presentation of additional neutral stimuli that is presented during stimulus-stimulus pairing.

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28
Q

History of Reinforcement

A

All of a person’s learning experiences with past conditioning with respect to particular response classes or aspects of a person’s repertoire.

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29
Q

Joint Control

A

A phenomenon in which two separate, but interrelated forms of a person’s own verbal behavior, combine to acquire stimulus control of a response that would not have occurred in the absence of either.

30
Q

Motivating Operation

A

Enhance or reduces reinforcement value.

Example: Needing to study, bad headache

31
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Something removed that decreases the future frequency of the behavior.

Example: Time out, response cost

32
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Removing something that increases the future frequency of the behavior.

Example: Escape, avoidance

33
Q

Neutral Stimulus

A

A stimulus that has zero control over a behavior that the individual elicits.

Example: Bell before being paired with food.

34
Q

Operant Behavior

A

Behavior that occurs due to one’s prior learning history with punishment and reinforcement.

Example: Putting on an ovan mitt to pick up a hot pan.

35
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

S-R-S (A-B-C)

36
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Something added that decreases future frequency of behavior.

Example: Spank, reprimand

37
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Something added that increases the future frequency of behavior.

Example: Praise, tokens, high five, something you like

38
Q

Principles of Behavior

A

Extinction, Reinforcement, Punishment

39
Q

Punisher

A

Anything designed to eliminate or decrease a behavior.

Example: A chore to decrease breaking curfue.

40
Q

Punishment

A

Decrease to behavior.

Example: Decrease in head banging.

41
Q

Reflex

A

An unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response.

Example: Blinking when air is blown in eyes.

42
Q

Reinforcement

A

Increase in behavior.

Example: Increase time doing homework.

43
Q

Reinforcer

A

Anything designed to increase a behavior.

Example: iPad time to increase cleaning room.

44
Q

Repertoire

A

Thing things someone can do.

Example: Reading, writing name, sitting.

45
Q

Respondent Behavior

A

Reflexive behaviors that have no learning history.

Example: Sleep

46
Q

Respondent Conditioning

A

US + NS = CS = CR

Example: Bell paired with food.

47
Q

Respondent Extinction

A

If conditioned stimulus is presented over and over without presenting unconditioned stimulus, it results in unpairing.

Example: Bell unpaired with food.

48
Q

Response

A

One occurrence of a behavior.

49
Q

Response Class

A

A group of responses that serve the same function.

Example: All the ways you can get attention.

50
Q

Rule Governed Behavior

A

Behavior based on a set of rules.

Example: Not drinking and driving because it is the law.

51
Q

Skill

A

Any task or action that one has mastered.

52
Q

Socially Mediated Contingency

A

When other people deliver the consequence for the behavior or are presenting the antecedent stimuli in some way.

Example: You get together with friends who ask you to tell a joke. You tell a joke and they laugh.

53
Q

Stimulus

A

Anything in our environment that we contact through our five senses.

Example: Food

54
Q

Three Receptor Systems Impacted by Stimuli

A

Exteroreceptors, Interoceptors, Proprioceptors

55
Q

Exteroreceptors

A

Your five senses.

56
Q

Interoceptors

A

The internal receptors that allow you to feel pain or internal discomfort.

57
Q

Proprioceptors

A

The receptors that respond to movement.

58
Q

Stimulus Class

A

Set of stimulus: formal, temporal, arbitrary, feature, functional

59
Q

Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing

A

A neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned or unconditioned stimulus, and following the repeated presentation, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that will elicit a response on its own.

Example: Coughing when you have a tickle in your throat.

60
Q

Three-Term Contingency

A

ABC (Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence).

61
Q

Unconditioned Punisher

A

Unlearned punisher

Example: Pain

62
Q

Unconditioned Reinforcer

A

Unlearned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

Example: Eating when hungry

63
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

A stimulus that leads to an automatic response. AKA Reflex.

Sun and squinting

64
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

A response that occurs without any prior learning history as a result of the presence of a particular stimulus.

65
Q

Formal Stimulus Class

A

Share physical features with one another.

Example: Size, shape, weight, color, magnitude, etc.

66
Q

Temporal Stimulus Class

A

Exist in a similar temporal space as one another. Refers to time in relation to the behavior of interest.

67
Q

Arbitrary Stimulus Class

A

Stimuli that evoke or abate similar responses but do not share common features

Example: Meat and vegetables

68
Q

Feature Stimulus Class

A

Stimulus generalization. Generalizing one response to multiple stimuli in this class.

69
Q

Functional Stimulus Class

A

Share a similar effect on behavior.

Example: When you hear music, you start to dance, regardless of what type of music you hear.

70
Q

Stimulus Control

A

A certian behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of a certain stimulus and the beahvior does not occur in the absence of the stimulus.

Example: A child says “dog” in the presence of a chihuahua but does not say “dog” when in the presence of a cat.

ABA (8 decks)

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