Chapter 6 - Foundations

Question 1

Surface materials:

The allowable foundation pressure for sandy clay is _______ pounds per square foot. For bedrock it is ________ pounds per square foot.

Answer 1

1500 / 12,000

p184

Question 2

Surface materials:

Test pits are usually up to a depth of about ____ feet.

Answer 2

8

p 184

Question 3

Surface materials:

The use of a test pit permits the ________ of the soil to be observed and measured.

Answer 3

strata

p 184

Question 4

• Identifiable layers of different soils.

Answer 4

Strata

p 184

Question 5

Surface materials:

Test boring are used at depths ________ than those of test pits.

Answer 5

greater

p 184

Question 6

Surface material

A test boring can provide information on the bearing capacity of soil through the use of a __________ __________.

Answer 6

driving hammer

p 184

Question 7

Types of foundations

The main factors that determine the type of foundation to be used for a building are the ______ ____________ and the ____________ ______________.

Answer 7

soil conditions / structural configurations

p 185

Question 8

Foundations are divided into two types: __________ and _______.

Answer 8

shallow and deep

p 185

Question 9

A shallow foundation transfers the weight of the building to the soil at the ?

Answer 9

base of the building

p 185

Question 10

A shallow foundation can be used where the ______-_________ ability of the soil directly under the building is adequate to support the building.

Answer 10

load-bearing

p 185

Question 11

Shallow foundations usually make use of __________ to transmit the load to the soil.

Answer 11

footings

p 185

Question 12

• That part of the building that rests on the bearing soil and is wider than the foundation wall.

Answer 12

Footing

p 185

Question 13

The increased area of the footing reduces the _____________ stress on the soil.

Answer 13

compressive

p 185

Question 14

A _______ __________ is a continuous strip of concrete that supports a wall.

Answer 14

wall footing

p 185

Question 15

• Square pad of concrete that supports a column.

Answer 15

Column Footing

p 186

Question 16

• Footing consisting of layers of beams placed at right angles to each other and usually encased in concrete.

Answer 16

Grillage Footing

p 186

Question 17

When the load bearing capacity of the soil beneath a building is low, the footing must be large in area and a ______ ____________ may be used.

Answer 17

mat foundation

p 186

Question 18

• Thick slab beneath the entire area of building.

Answer 18

Mat Foundation

p 186

Question 19

A mat foundation differs from a simple floor slab in its ___________ and amount of ______________.

Answer 19

thickness / reinforcement

p 186

Question 20

A mat may be several ______ thick and heavily reinforced, whereas a slab may only be a ______ thick.

Answer 20

feet / foot

p 186

Question 21

• Foundation for which the volume of earth excavated will approximately equal the weigh of the building supported. Thus, the total weight supported by the soil beneath the foundation remains about the same, and settlement is minimized because of the weight of the building.

Answer 21

Floating foundation

p 187

Question 22

Deep foundations are more ________ than shallow foundations, so are used only where shallow foundations cannot be used.

Answer 22

costly

p 187

Question 23

Deep foundations take the form of either _______ or ______.

Answer 23

piles or piers

p 187

Question 24

_______ are driven into the ground and develop their load carrying ability either through friction with the surrounding soil or by being driven into contact with rock or a load bearing soil layer.

Answer 24

Piles

p 187

Question 25

Piles can be ________, _______ or ________ concrete.

Answer 25

timber, steel or precast

p 187

Question 26

_______ are constructed by first drilling or digging a shaft and then filling it with concrete.

Answer 26

Piers

p 187

Question 27

When a pier is designed with a footing, it is known as a “________” pier.

Answer 27

“belled”

p 187

Question 28

The _________ is the protective sleeve used to keep water out of the excavation for the pier.

Answer 28

caisson

p 187

Question 29

On a steep slope piles or piers are driven to act as __________ ____________ to resist the lateral force of the building. The vertical elements are connected with a _____ _______.

Answer 29

vertical cantilevers / tie beam

p 188

Question 30

When a building is to have a ___________, the foundation must include walls to enclose it.

Answer 30

basement

p 189

Question 31

___________ is the material most commonly used for foundation walls.

Answer 31

Concrete

p 189

Question 32

Concrete is durable and is resistant to ___________ and ________.

Answer 32

moisture and insects

p 189

Question 33

A layer of ____________ ____________ is sometimes placed on the outside of foundation walls for insulation.

Answer 33

expanded polystyrene (EPS)

p 190

Question 34

Building settlement:

Movement may be downward as in the case of ____________, upward as in the case of _________, or outward as in the case of _________ _____________.

Answer 34

settlement / heaving / lateral displacement

p 190

Question 35

______________ of foundation is the most frequent building movement.

Answer 35

Settlement

p 190

Question 36

Settlement of a foundation can be either _________ or ___________.

Answer 36

uniform or differential

p 190

Question 37

In ________ ___________, parts of a foundation settle at the same rate and misalignment between structural members is minor.

Answer 37

uniform settlement

p 190

Question 38

____________ _____________ takes place when different parts of the foundation settle by different amounts.

Answer 38

Differential settlement

p 190

Question 39

Situations may arise where it is necessary to strengthen and stabilize an existing foundation. This process is known as _____________.

Answer 39

underpinning

p 191

Question 40

• Process of strengthening an existing foundation.

Answer 40

Underpinning

p 191

Question 41

The terms shoring and underpinning are sometimes used interchangeably. However, _________ refers to temporary supports. ____________ refers to permanent supports.

Answer 41

shoring / underpinning

p 191