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Counseling and Psychotherapy > Chapter 6: Existential therapy > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Existential therapy Flashcards

1
Q

What does “logotherapy”, developed by Viktor Frankl, mean?

A

Therapy through meaning.

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2
Q

According to Corey, who lived what their own theories espoused?

A

Viktor Frankl.

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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Existential therapy can be best described as a philosophical approach that influences a counselor’s therapeutic practice.

A

TRUE.

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4
Q

What are some themes found in existential therapy?

A

Mortality, meaning, freedom, responsibility, and aloneness.

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5
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The goal of existential therapy is to assist clients in their exploration of the existential “givens of life”, how these are sometimes ignored or denied, and how addressing them can ultimately lead to a deeper, more reflective, and meaningful existence.

A

TRUE.

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6
Q

What assumption is existential therapy grounded on?

A

That we are free and therefore responsible for our choices and actions; we are the authors of our own lives, and we design the pathways that we follow.

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7
Q

What is the first step in the therapeutic journey for clients?

A

To accept responsibility.

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8
Q

What is the therapist’s basic task for existent therapy?

A

To encourage clients to consider what they are most serious about so they can pursue a direction in life.

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9
Q

Which philosopher believe that angst and the realization that only death is certain is important to become a self, as opposed to a sleepwalker?

A

Soren Kierkegaard. (1813-1855)

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10
Q

T or F: According to Kierkegaard, the task of being human is to discover ourselves.

A

FALSE.

It is to create ourselves. “Sickness unto death” arises when we are not true to ourselves, so what is needed is the willingness to risk a leap of faith in making choices.

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11
Q

Which philosopher held the belief that releasing ourselves by giving free righn to our will to power will tap our potentiality for creativity and originality?

A

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)

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12
Q

According to Nietzsche, when do we give up our will to power, or when is powerlessness rationalized?

A

When society forces us to advocate other worldly concerns, or if we give in to “herd mortality”.

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13
Q

Which philosopher held the belief that our moods and feelings (including anxiety about death) are a way of understanding whether we are living authentically or whether we are inauthentically constructing our life around the expectations of others?

A

Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)

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14
Q

What does Heidegger’s phenomenological existentialism endorse?

A

We look forward to “authentic experiences” that are yet to come instead of focusing on history.

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15
Q

Which philosopher believed that humans live not only with an “I” bu also with an “other”?

A

Martin Buber (1878-1965)

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16
Q

According to Martin Buber, what are the three important functions of presence?

A

(1) It enables true I/Thou relationships;
(2) It allows for meaning to exist in a situation
(3) It enables an individual to be responsible in the here and now

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17
Q

Which philosopher was an existential analyst who used a phenomenological approach to explore significant features of the self, including freedom choice and caring, which would lead to a proposal of a holistic model of self that addresses the relationship between the person and his or her environment?

A

Ludwig Binswanger (1881-1966)

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18
Q

What type of analysis emphasizes the subjective and spiritual dimensions of human existence?

A

Existential analysis (Daseinanalysis)

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19
Q

What does “dasein” imply about humans?

A

Dasein means “being-in-the-world”, which refers to our ability to reflect on life events and to attribute meaning to these events.

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20
Q

Which early existential psychoanalyst wrote “Daseinanalysis and Psychoanalysis” in 1963?

A

Medard Boss (1903-1991)

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21
Q

Which philosopher believed that we are condemned to be choosing who we are being at every moment, and that the failure to acknowledge this freedom and choices results in emotional problems?

A

Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)

ADDENDUM:
Why is it that when we attempt to pin down who we are, we engage in self-deception?

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22
Q

What is the effort to help clients examine how they have answered life’s existential questions and to invite them to revise their answers so they can live more authentically?

A

Life-changing psychotherapy.

Tall, order, man.

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23
Q

According to Bugental, what is the therapist’s primary task?

A

To help clients make new discoveries about themselves in the living moment, as opposed to merely talking about themselves..

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24
Q

How is the therapist’s primary task, according to Bugental, done?

A

This is done by the therapist being present and using interventions to assist the client in deepening inner exploration, or searching

25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Emmy van Deurzen’s psychotherapy practice has taught her that individuals have incredible resilience and intelligence in overcoming their problems once they commit themselves to a self-searching process?

A

TRUE.

26
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The existential movement identifies therapy as a set of techniques.

A

FALSE.

It actually reacts against this! It bases therapeutic practice on an understanding of what it means to be human.

27
Q

What key concept is focused on the individual’s experience of being in the world alone and facing the anxiety of this isolation?

A

The existential tradition.

28
Q

T or F: The existential view of human nature possesses a deterministic view that the significance of our existence is fixed.

A

FALSE.

It believes that humans are always transitioning and changing, and we continually recreate ourselves through our projects. Being a person implies that we are discovering and making sense of our existence.

29
Q

What are the 6 basic dimensions of the human condition, according to the existential approach?

A
  1. The capacity for self-awareness;
  2. Freedom and responsibility;
  3. Creating one’s identity and establishing meaningful relationships with others;
  4. The search for meaning, purpose, values, and goals;
  5. Anxiety as a condition of living;
  6. Awareness of death and nonbeing
30
Q

According to Schneider and Krug (2010), what are the three values that existential therapy embraces?

A
  1. The freedom to become within the context of natural and self-imposed limitations;
  2. The capacity to reflect on the meaning of our choices;
  3. The capacity to act on the choices we make.
31
Q

What is a central existential concept by Sartre which says we often try to escape from our freedom by defining ourselves as a fixed or static entity?

A

Inauthenticity (of not accepting personal responsibility).

This consists of lacking awareness of personal responsibility for our lives and passively assuming that our existence is largely controlled by external forces.

32
Q

What central existential concept implies we are responsible for our lives, our actions, and our failures to take action?

A

Freedom.

33
Q

What is a term used for being aware of having evaded a commitment, or having chosen not to choose?

A

Existential guilt.

34
Q

What term implies that we are living by being true to our own evaluation of what is a valuable existence to ourselves (aka the courage to be who we are)?

A

Authenticity.

35
Q

How does Corey find it best to work with the fear of being ingenuine, or of being a mask of others’ expectations?

A

To ask their clients to allow themselves to intensify the feeling that they are nothing more than the sum of others’ expectations, and then to invite them to accept the ways in which they have lived outside themselves and to explore ways in which they are out of contact with themselves.

36
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Strength can be derived from the experience of listening to ourselves, sensing our separation, and learning to stand alone.

A

TRUE.

37
Q

What is the term for the fact of interrelatedness with others and the need for us to struggle with this in a creative way?

A

Intersubjectivity.

38
Q

What is a mode of getting caught up in our ritualistic behavior patterns that cement us to an image or identity we acquired in early childhood?

A

Doing mode.

We do this to avoid the experience of being.

39
Q

What are four existential questions often posed through the conflicts of clients?

A

“Why am I here?”
“What do I want from life?”
“What gives my life purpose?”
“Where is the source of meaning for me in life?”

40
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The therapist must trust in the capacity of the clients to eventually create an internally derived value system that provides the foundation for a meaninful life.

A

TRUE.

41
Q

According to Frankl (1963), what is the central human concern?

A

To discover meaning that will give one’s life direction.

42
Q

According to Frankl, what is the cause of existential stress and anxiety in modern times?

A

Lack of meaning.

43
Q

What is a term for the experience of meaninglessness?

A

Existential neurosis.

44
Q

What is a condition of emptiness or hollowness caused by feeling trapped by the feeling of emptiness of life, and thus withdrawal from the struggle of creating a life with purpose?

A

Existential vacuum.

45
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Meaning is found in a paradoxical sense - the less rationally we seek it, the more likely we are to find it.

A

TRUE.

46
Q

What is a term for the unavoidable result of being confronted with the “givens of existence” (death, freedom, choice, isolation, and meaninglessness)?

A

Existential anxiety.

47
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Existential anxiety, accompanied in making a critical decision that involves reconstruction of our own lives, can be a signal that we are ready for personal change and can be a stimulus for growth.

A

TRUE.

48
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The existentialist views death negatively.

A

FALSE.

It does not do so; it holds that awareness of death as a basic human condition gives significance to living.

49
Q

What do Schneider and Krug (2010) identify as four essential aims of existential-humanistic therapy?

A
  1. To help clients become more present to both themselves and others;
  2. To assist clients in identifying ways they block themselves from fuller presence;
  3. To challenge clients to assume responsibility for designing their present lives;
  4. To encourage clients to choose more expanded ways of being in their daily lives
50
Q

What is a term for a condition of clients who have a limited awareness of themselves and are often vague about the nature of their problems?

A

Restricted existence.

51
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Existential therapy is solution-oriented with immediate problems.

A

FALSE.

Existential therapy is about confronting ultimate concerns, and removing roadblocks to meaningful living by helping clients assume responsibility for their actions.

52
Q

According to Buber, what type of relationship is the paradigm for the fully human self?

A

The I/Thou relationship, essential for connecting the self to the spirit.

53
Q

What is the context within which interventions are made in existential therapy?

A

The context of the therapist trying to understand the client’s subjective world

54
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Existential practitioners prefer diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis when in therapy.

A

FALSE.

These prefer description, understanding, and exploration of the client’s subjective reality.

55
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In existential therapy, theories and techniques are what heal the client.

A

FALSE.

It is the quality of encounter or the relationship between client and therapist as they work together. There needs to be genuineness and presence.

56
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: When the deepest self of the therapist meets the deepest part of the client, the counseling process is at best.

A

TRUE.

57
Q

What happens in the initial (first) phase of counseling?

A

Clients are assisted in identifying and clarifying their assumptions about the world. They are taught by the counselor how to reflect on their own existence and to examine their role in creating their problems in living.

58
Q

What occurs in the middle phase of existential counseling?

A

Clients assess the source and authority of their present value system. Individuals get a better idea of the kind of life they consider worthy of living and developing a clear sense of their internal valuing process.

59
Q

What occurs in the final phase of existential counseling?

A

Helping clients take what they are learning about themselves and put it into action outside of therapy hour. Clients discover their own strengths and find ways to put them to the service of living a purposeful existence.

Counseling and Psychotherapy (7 decks)

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