Chapter 6: Episodic memory

Question 1

episodic memory

Answer 1

allows you to access specific memories at a particular point in time

Question 2

semantic memory

Answer 2

generalized knowledge of the world, facts

Question 3

mental time travel

Answer 3

allowed by episodic memory, travel back and relive earlier episodes and use this capacity to travel forward and anticipate future events

Question 4

what three things do you need in order to distinguish an event from similar events

Answer 4

A system that allows you to encode that particular experience in a way that will distinguish it from others
Requires a method of storing that event in a durable form
A method of searching the system and retrieving that particular memory

Question 5

true or false: episodic memory can accumulate and consolidate to form the basis of semantic memory, our knowledge of the world

Answer 5

true

Question 6

ebbinghaus tradition

Answer 6

the study of human memory is made possible by focusing on clearly specified experiments with tightly constrained goals

Question 7

frederick bartlett tradition

Answer 7

attempts to tackle the study of memory in all its complexity, accepting that our capacity to control any single study will inevitably be limited, but trusting in the belief that multiple studies will allow clear conclusions to be drawn. Wanted to study the recall of complex material, used the errors the participants made as clues to the way in which they were encoding and storing material

Question 8

barlett’s story experiment

Answer 8

presented the participants with a story and found the recall was always shorter, more coherent, and fit in more closely with the participants own viewpoint than the original story.
Emphasized effort after meaning, how participants were actively striving after meaning to capture the essence of the material

Question 9

schema

Answer 9

a long-term structured representation of knowledge that was used by the rememberer to make sense of new material and subsequently store and recall it

Question 10

Sulin and Dooling’s study

Answer 10

participants used their schematic knowledge of Hitler to incorrectly organize the information about the story they had been told. The study revealed how schematic organizations can lead to errors in long term memory and recall

Question 11

Carmichael study

Answer 11

given stimulus figures and then given different verbal labels, when asked to draw it their drawings differed based on the label and not the picture.

Question 12

serial recall

Answer 12

items are recalled in the order they are presented in

Question 13

dual coding hypothesis

Answer 13

highly imageable words are easier to learn because they can be encoded both visually and verbally

Question 14

cloze technique

Answer 14

people are presented with a passage from which every fifth word has been deleted. The task is to guess the missing words, people find the childrens passage easiest

Question 15

redundancy is a good predictor of

Answer 15

both the judge readability of text and its memorability

Question 16

depth processing

Answer 16

the proposal by Craik and lockhart that the more deeply an item is processed, the better will be its retention

Question 17

transfer appropriate processing (TAP)

Answer 17

proposal that retention is best when the mode of encoding and mode of retrieval are the same

Question 18

incidental learning

Answer 18

learning situation in which the learner is unaware that a test will occur

Question 19

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 19

a process of rehearsal whereby items are kept in mind but not processed more deeply

Question 20

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 20

process whereby items are not simply kept in mind, but are processed either more deeply or more elaborately

Question 21

intentional learning

Answer 21

learning when the learner knows that there will be a test of retention

Question 22

subjective organization

Answer 22

a strategy whereby a learner attempts to organize unstructured material so as to enhance learning, building bigger and bigger chunks

Question 23

ericsson and kintsch 2006

Answer 23

developed the concept of long term working memory. Refers to the development of structures in long-term memory that are then actively used for temporary storage. Ex memorizing digits of pie every day, eventually learn a lot but if stop using it, losing it

Question 24

Ericsson and Delaney (1999)

Answer 24

short term working memory assumes the same system is used for many different tasks