Chapter 4: Working memory Flashcards
modal model
proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin. Assumes information comes in from the environment and is processed first by a parallel series of brief temporary sensory memory systems, including iconic and echoic memory processes
levels of processing
proposed by Craik and Lockhart, asserts items are more deeply processed will be better remembered
Phonological loop
sequences of acoustic or speech based items
Visuo spatial sketchpad
temporary maintenance of visual and spatial information. Braddely and Hitch
central executive in model of working memory
an attentional limited system that selects and manipulates material in the subsystems, serving as a controller that runs the whole show
semantic coding
processing an item in terms of its meaning, hence relating it to other information in STM
non-word repetition test
a test whereby participants hear and attempt to repeat back non words that gradually increase in length as children become older, are increasingly able to use existing vocabulary to help learn new words
phonological awareness
the ability to reflect on spoken stimuli, to report on aspects such as rhyme and to manipulate the incoming items
Lav Vygostky and Luria
emphasized the use of verbal self instruction to control behavior
central executive two modes of control:
Automatic based on existing habits
Attentionally limited executive
Supervisory attentional system (SAS)
a component of the model proposed by Norman and Shallice to account for the attentional control of action. Crucial to central executive
attentional control
repetitively performing the same act or making the same mistakes repeatedly.
confabulation
recollection of something that did not happen
a major problem of three component model of working memory was that of explaining how it was linked to LTM
episodic buffer
a component of the baddeley and hitch model of working memory model that assumes a multidimensional code, allowing the various subcomponents of working memory to interact with long term memory. Can hold about 4 chunks of information
binding
term used to refer to the linking of features into objects (red, shape square, red square) or of events into coherent episodes.
Cowan described working memory
cognitive processes that retain information in an unusually accessible state
Depends on activation within LTM, controlled by attentional processes
Activation is temporary and decays unless maintained either through active verbal rehearsal or continued attention
4 chunks capacity
operation span
each to-be-remembered word is followed by an arithmetic operation
proactive interference
the tendency for earlier items to complete at retrieval with items to be recalled
inhibition
mechanisms that suppress other activities. The level of activation associated with a trace is actively reduced to diminish its accessibility
Priming and secondary memory:
Priming- a dynamic attentional capacity for the temporary maintenance of items is reflected in the recency effect in free recall of word lists
Secondary- the capacity for cue dependant search in LTM
resource sharing
use of limited attentional capacity to maintain two or more simultaneous activities
task switching
a process whereby a limited capacity system maintains activity on two or more tasks by switching between them
declarative working memory
those aspects of which we are aware
procedural working memory
the underlying processes
Gathercole
found children with low working memory are inattentive or dreamy, could be ADHD
spatial working memory
temporarily retaining information regarding spatial location, memory for object or pattern
object memory
temporarily retains information concerning visual features such as color and shape
