Chapter 4: Working memory

Question 1

modal model

Answer 1

proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin. Assumes information comes in from the environment and is processed first by a parallel series of brief temporary sensory memory systems, including iconic and echoic memory processes

Question 2

levels of processing

Answer 2

proposed by Craik and Lockhart, asserts items are more deeply processed will be better remembered

Question 3

Phonological loop

Answer 3

sequences of acoustic or speech based items

Question 4

Visuo spatial sketchpad

Answer 4

temporary maintenance of visual and spatial information. Braddely and Hitch

Question 5

central executive in model of working memory

Answer 5

an attentional limited system that selects and manipulates material in the subsystems, serving as a controller that runs the whole show

Question 6

semantic coding

Answer 6

processing an item in terms of its meaning, hence relating it to other information in STM

Question 7

non-word repetition test

Answer 7

a test whereby participants hear and attempt to repeat back non words that gradually increase in length as children become older, are increasingly able to use existing vocabulary to help learn new words

Question 8

phonological awareness

Answer 8

the ability to reflect on spoken stimuli, to report on aspects such as rhyme and to manipulate the incoming items

Question 9

Lav Vygostky and Luria

Answer 9

emphasized the use of verbal self instruction to control behavior

Question 10

central executive two modes of control:

Answer 10

Automatic based on existing habits

Attentionally limited executive

Question 11

Supervisory attentional system (SAS)

Answer 11

a component of the model proposed by Norman and Shallice to account for the attentional control of action. Crucial to central executive

Question 12

attentional control

Answer 12

repetitively performing the same act or making the same mistakes repeatedly.

Question 13

confabulation

Answer 13

recollection of something that did not happen

a major problem of three component model of working memory was that of explaining how it was linked to LTM

Question 14

episodic buffer

Answer 14

a component of the baddeley and hitch model of working memory model that assumes a multidimensional code, allowing the various subcomponents of working memory to interact with long term memory. Can hold about 4 chunks of information

Question 15

binding

Answer 15

term used to refer to the linking of features into objects (red, shape square, red square) or of events into coherent episodes.

Question 16

Cowan described working memory

Answer 16

cognitive processes that retain information in an unusually accessible state
Depends on activation within LTM, controlled by attentional processes
Activation is temporary and decays unless maintained either through active verbal rehearsal or continued attention
4 chunks capacity

Question 17

operation span

Answer 17

each to-be-remembered word is followed by an arithmetic operation

Question 18

proactive interference

Answer 18

the tendency for earlier items to complete at retrieval with items to be recalled

Question 19

inhibition

Answer 19

mechanisms that suppress other activities. The level of activation associated with a trace is actively reduced to diminish its accessibility

Question 20

Priming and secondary memory:

Answer 20

Priming- a dynamic attentional capacity for the temporary maintenance of items is reflected in the recency effect in free recall of word lists
Secondary- the capacity for cue dependant search in LTM

Question 21

resource sharing

Answer 21

use of limited attentional capacity to maintain two or more simultaneous activities

Question 22

task switching

Answer 22

a process whereby a limited capacity system maintains activity on two or more tasks by switching between them

Question 23

declarative working memory

Answer 23

those aspects of which we are aware

Question 24

procedural working memory

Answer 24

the underlying processes

Question 25

Gathercole

Answer 25

found children with low working memory are inattentive or dreamy, could be ADHD

Question 26

spatial working memory

Answer 26

temporarily retaining information regarding spatial location, memory for object or pattern

Question 27

object memory

Answer 27

temporarily retains information concerning visual features such as color and shape