Chapter 3: short term memory

Question 1

digit span

Answer 1

the longest sequence that could be repeated back without error
Included in Wechsler Adult Intelligence test (WAIS)

Question 2

Working memory span

Answer 2

complex memory span tasks in which simultaneous storage and process is required
Digital span test reflects short term memory (STM)
More complex tasks as working memory span

Question 3

Short term memory (STM)

Answer 3

performance on a task simple retention of small amounts of information, tested immediately or after a short delay
capacity to store small amounts of information over brief intervals

Question 4

working memory

Answer 4

temporarily stores information but also manipulates it so allow people to perform activities like reasoning, learning, and comprehension

Question 5

Memory span measures require two things:

Answer 5

Remembering what the items are

Remembering the order in which they are presented

Question 6

chunks

Answer 6

pronounceable word like subgroups

Question 7

George Miller

Answer 7

memory capacity is limited not by the number of items to be recalled, but by the number of the chunks

Question 8

Chunking

Answer 8

the process of combining a number of items into a single chunk typically on the basis of long term memory

Question 9

Phonological loop

Answer 9

Baddeley and Hitch, responsible for temporary storage of speech like information. Two subcomponents:
Short term store- limited in capacity
Articularly rehearsal process- can be refreshed by rehearsal

Question 10

Phonological similarity effect (PSE)

Answer 10

a tendency for immediate serial recall of verbal

materials to be reduced, when items are similar in sound

Question 11

when does Phonological similarity effect disappears

Answer 11

if the lists are increased in length and

participants are allowed several learning trials

Question 12

Articulatory suppression

Answer 12

a technique for disrupting verbal rehearsal by requiring
participants to continuously repeat a spoken item even when suppressing, people can still remember up to 4 or 5 visually presented digits

Question 13

irrelevant sound effect

Answer 13

a tendency for verbal STM to be disrupted by concurrent fluctuating sounds, including speech and music

Question 14

Methods of storing in serial order

Answer 14

Chain: A-> B-> C-> D
Context
Priming

Question 15

O-OER

Answer 15

STM approach by Dylan Jones

Object Orientation Episodic Record, theory of STM. developed to account for the influence of STM on irrelevant sounds

Question 16

James Nairnes feature model

Answer 16

replaces proposed separation between LTM and STM by proposing a single memory system in which each memory item is assessed to be represented by a set of features, which are of two basic types:
Modality dependent
Modality independent

Question 17

SIMPLE model

Answer 17

proposed by Brown(Scale Invariant Memory Perception and Learning). Applies to both STM and LTM

Question 18

Free recall

Answer 18

a method whereby participants are presented with a sequence of items in which they are subsequently required to recall in any order they wish

Question 19

recency effect

Answer 19

a tendency for the last few items in a list to be well recalled

Question 20

primacy effect

Answer 20

a tendency for the first few items in a sequence to be better recalled than most of the following items

Question 21

Glanzier and Cuntiz

Answer 21

earlier items were help in LTM while recency reflected a separate component in STM

Question 22

LTM variables studied includes:

Answer 22

Presentation rate: slower is better
Word frequency- familiar words are easier
Imageability of words- visualizable are better
Age of participant- young adults remember more than children or elderly
Physiological state- drugs such as marijuana and alcohol impair performance

Question 23

long term recency

Answer 23

a tendency for the last few items to be well recalled under conditions of long term memory

Question 24

Visual working memory

Answer 24

spatial memory (where) objects (what)
Visual STM has a limited capacity
Visual LTM can hold a lot

Question 25

Binding

Answer 25

separate features combine in memory, relatively automatic

Ex: color red, shape square, red square

Question 26

Chen and Johnson- two types of attention:

Answer 26

Central, capacity to direct and flow sensory information

Executive, internally oriented aspects of attentional control

Question 27

Corsi-block tapping

Answer 27

visuo- spatial counterpart to digit span involving an array of blocks that the tester taps in a sequence and the patient attempts to copy

Question 28

Visuo-spatial STM

Answer 28

retention of visual or spatial information over brief periods of time
Problems can go beyond simple storage of visual and spatial stimuli, involving more complex tasks like creating and manipulating mental images