Chapter 6: Consciousness

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

Awareness of internal and external stimuli
- is subjective and private
- dynamic
- self-reflective

Question 2

Rouge Test

Answer 2

Red dot on forehead and placed in front of mirror
- if animal/baby reaches for mirror = no consciousness
- reach for themselves = conciousness

Question 3

Psychodynamic View

Answer 3

Freud
- 3 levels: Conscious, Preconcious and Unconscious

Question 4

Cognitive View

Answer 4

2 Levels: Controlled (slow but flexible; usually when learning) and Automatic (fast but static; i.e. habits)

Question 5

Circadian Rhythms

Answer 5

daily cycles of wakefulness and sleep

Question 6

Sleep Regulation

Answer 6

part of hypothalamus: suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 7

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Answer 7

SCN signals Pineal gland to release melatonin (sleep hormone)

Question 8

Stage 1 of Sleep

Answer 8

• Light sleep
• 1-10 mins
• theta waves

Question 9

Awake and Drowsy

Answer 9

Awake = beta waves
Drowsy = Alpha waves

Question 10

Stage 2 of Sleep

Answer 10

• 10-25 mins
• heart slows down, temp decreases, muscles relax
• waves are sleep spindles

Question 11

Stage 3 & 4

Answer 11

• 10-30 mins
• delta waves
• “slow wave” sleep
• stage 3 = small periods of delta waves
• stage 4 = only delta waves

Question 12

Stage 5 of Sleep

Answer 12

REM Sleep
- paralyzed during REM
- dreams most vivid
- rem waves look most like beta waves

Question 13

Freud Dream Protection Theory

Answer 13

dreams = guardians of sleep
= wish fulfillment based on our sexual and aggressive desires

Question 14

Activation-Synthesis Theory

Answer 14

• dreams reflect brain activation in sleep
• chaotic pattern of neural firing
• brain’s way of organizing random impulses

Question 15

Insomnia

Answer 15

Chronic difficulty in falling/staying asleep or restful sleep
- most common sleep disorder

Question 16

Narcolepsy

Answer 16

• episodes of sudden sleep
• immediately enter REM
• associated cataplexy: loss of muscle tone

Question 17

Sleep Apnea

Answer 17

blockage of airway that wakes person up from deep sleep

Question 18

Night terrors

Answer 18

• wakes up screaming, sweating and confusion
• goes right back to sleep

Question 19

Sleepwalking

Answer 19

happens during stage 3 & 4; not during REM b/c paralyzed
- more often in kids

Question 20

Hallucination

Answer 20

• realistic experiences in absence of external stimuli
• can be caused by sleep deprivation, migraines, sleep deprivation, intense emotion

Question 21

Hypnosis

Answer 21

• power of suggestion
• depends on how suggestible subject is

Question 22

Substance Abuse

Answer 22

recurrent problems with drugs. i.e. binge drinking on weekends

Question 23

Substance Dependence

Answer 23

• need drugs to function normally
• serious pattern of use; i.e. everyday

Question 24

Tolerance

Answer 24

increased amount of a drug to achieve intoxication
- physical or psychological
- body’s attempt to maintain homeostasis

Question 25

Compensatory responses

Answer 25

• bodily responses to offset effects of drug
• return to homeostasis

Question 26

Withdrawal

Answer 26

compensatory responses active even when drug isn’t used

Question 27

Psychoactive Drugs

Answer 27

• chemicals similar to our neurotransmitters
• effect of drugs due to mental set, beliefs or expectancies

Question 28

Depressants

Answer 28

• “Downers”
• depress effects of CNS
• relax, lower inhibitions
• Alcohol, Sedatives

Question 29

Stimulants

Answer 29

• “Uppers”
• stimulates CNS
• nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine

Question 30

Narcotics aka Opiates

Answer 30

• relieve pain and induce sleep
• heroine, morphine, codeine

Question 31

Psychedelics/ Hallucinogens

Answer 31

• dramatic alterations in perception
• LSD, Mushrooms, PCP, Ecstasy

Question 32

Marijuana

Answer 32

• most frequently used illegal drug in Canada
• Effects due to THC
• chronic use can impair attention and memory