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Psych 104 > Chapter 5: Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Sensation & Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s Sensation

A

Stimulation of the sense organs

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2
Q

Perception

A

The selection, organization and interpretation of sensory input

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3
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study of how physical stimuli are translated to psychological experiences
Invented by Fechner

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4
Q

Stimulus

A

Detectable input from environment

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5
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The minimum amount of stimulation that an organism can detect
- stimulus that is detected 50% of the time

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6
Q

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

A

smallest difference in amount of stimulation that can be detected
aka Difference Threshold

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7
Q

Weber’s Law

A

The size of JND is a constant (Weber Fraction)
constants differ depending on sensory inputs

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8
Q

Scaling

A

humans are used to measuring things on absolute scales i.e. distance in meters
In Perception, measuring is relative

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9
Q

Fechner’s Law

A

subjective sensation is proportional to logarithm of stimulus intensity
- as the stimulus intensity increases, smaller increases are perceived in sensation
- think of a log graph

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10
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Detection of stimuli involves decision and sensory processes which are influenced by a variety of factors

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11
Q

Types of Signal Detection

A

Hit: Stimulus present and detected
False Alarm: stimulus absent but detected
Miss: stimulus present and undetected
Correct Rejection: Stimulus absent and undetected

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12
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

registration of sensory input without conscious awareness
i.e arrow in FEDEX logo

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13
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A
  • gradual decline in sensitivity from prolonged stimulation
  • aware of changes in environment rather than constants
  • i.e. noseblind to smells in my house
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14
Q

Sound waves

A
  • vibrations of molecules travelling through a medium like air
  • components: amplitude, frequency, wavelength and purity
    think of physics
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15
Q

Frequency

A
  • measured in hertz
  • Pitch depends on frequency
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16
Q

Wavelength

A
  • measured in distance (metres)
  • pitch also depends on wavelength
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17
Q

Amplitude

A
  • measured in decibels
  • loudness depends on amplitude
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18
Q

Purity

A
  • timbre depends on purity
  • more timbre = less purity
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19
Q

Human ear

A

Three major parts: outer, middle and inner ear
- sound travels in different medium for each

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20
Q

Outer Ear

A
  • Ear canal and pinna
  • sound travels through air
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21
Q

Middle Ear

A
  • Malleus, Incus, Stapes (hammer, anvil, stirrup)
  • sound travel through bone
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22
Q

Tympanic membrane (Eardrum)

A

separates outer ear from middle ear

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23
Q

Inner Ear

A
  • Semicircular Canals and Cochlea
  • Soundwaves travel through fluid
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24
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

High frequency in the outer region of cochlea and lower in the inner region
- according to place theory
- think of low frequency as having longer wavelengths so deeper in the cochlea

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25
Q

2 Theories of Hearing

A

Place Theory vs Frequency Theory

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26
Q

Place Theory

A
  • perception of pitch corresponds to vibration of different parts of the basilar membrane
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27
Q

Frequency Theory

A
  • perception of pitch corresponds to rate or frequency at which the whole basilar membrane vibrates
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28
Q

Auditory Localization

A
  • location source of a sound in space
  • ears set apart help with localization
  • depends on loudness and timing of sound arriving at each ear
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29
Q

2 major types of Deafness

A

Conductive (Damage to ear) and Nerve Deafness (damage to nerves or hair cells)

30
Q

Benefits of Music

A
  • Musician brains have larger motor, auditory areas of cerebellum
  • music training and language abilities
  • music can enhance spatial abilities
31
Q

Gustatory System

A
  • sense of taste
  • stimuli are chemical substances
  • receptors are found in taste buds
32
Q

What are the major categories of taste

A

Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter and Umami

33
Q

Taste Preferences

A
  • most are learned and not innate
  • i.e. grow to like coffee or beer
34
Q

Perception of Flavour

A
  • combination of taste, smell and texture
35
Q

Olfactory System

A
  • sense of smell
  • humans suck at smelling
  • stimuli are also chemical substances
  • receptors are olfactory cilia
36
Q

Buck & Axel

A
  • clarified mechanisms involved in odour recognition
  • gene set of 1000 different genes
37
Q

Pheromones

A

Chemical messages that’s sent by one organism to another of the same species
- typically imperceptible
i.e. female pheromones that attract men

38
Q

Tactile System

A
  • Sense of Touch
  • physical stimuli are mechanical, thermal and chemical energy
  • 6 types of sensory receptors
39
Q

Perceiving Pain

A
  • can be influenced greatly by expectations, personality, mood
  • attention also interacts with pain perception
40
Q

Gate Control Theory

A
  • Melzack & Wall
  • pain is blocked by a “gate” in spinal cord
  • gate is not actually real but a patter of neural activity
41
Q

Blocking Pain

A

Endorphins and serotonin modulate pain perception

42
Q

Kinesthetic System

A

Monitors positions of various parts of the body
- tells you what your body is doing

43
Q

Vestibular System

A
  • responds to gravity
  • orientation and balance
  • semicircular canal largest part
44
Q

Visual System

A

stimulus is light

45
Q

Light Waves

A

Amplitude: perception of brightness
Wavelength: perception of colour
- think of physics again

46
Q

Visible Wavelength

A

~350 - ~750 nm

47
Q

Eye

A

Channels light to neural tissue

48
Q

Retina

A

receives light and send info to the brain

49
Q

Cornea

A

protective layer where light enters from

50
Q

Lens

A
  • Light passes through here
  • accommodates depends on brightness
  • close object: lens gets rounder
  • far object: lens gets flatter
51
Q

Iris

A

coloured ring of muscle around pupil
- regulates size of pupil

52
Q

Pupil

A
  • black hole in the middle of eye
  • centre of iris
53
Q

Visual Receptors: “Co”nes

A
  • daylight and “co”lour vision
  • Concentrated in “C”enter of retina and less dense around the edges
54
Q

Visual Receptors: Rods

A
  • night and peripheral vision
  • density greatest just outside fovea
55
Q

Fovea

A
  • small spot in the centre of retina that purely contains cones
  • vision focuses the most
56
Q

Dark Adaptation

A

eye gets more sensitive to dark places
most adaptation happens in first 10 min

57
Q

Seeing Colour

A

Wavelength = hue
Amplitude = brightness
Purity = saturation

58
Q

Additive Colour Mixing

A

superimposes light
- composed of RGB

59
Q

Subtractive colour mixing

A

Removes some wavelengths of light
- RGY

60
Q

3 theories of Vision

A

Trichromatic, Opponent-Process and Dual-Process Theory

61
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

eye has 3 types of receptors (Red, green and blue)
- colours made by additive mixing
- colourblind people doesn’t have one of the receptors

62
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A
  • 3 types of receptors responsible for 2 wavelengths
  • Red or Green, Blue or Yellow, Black or White
  • explains afterimages
63
Q

Dual-Process Theory

A

combines trichromatic and opponent-process theories
- 3 types of cones & each type sensitive to different wavelengths

64
Q

Depth Perception

A
  • visual cues indicating how far/near objects are
  • cues are monocular or binocular
65
Q

Monocular depth cues (one eye)

A

Motion Parallax: motion of objects across Retina
Pictorial Depth Cues: i.e. 3D drawings

66
Q

Binocular Depth Cues (differing views of 2 eyes)

A

Retinal Disparity: different locations in right and left retinas
Convergence: eyes converge as objects gets closer i.e. crossing your eyes

67
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

recognize signifying characteristics
i.e. striped shirt, glasses, hat, cane = Waldo

68
Q

Top-down Processing

A
  • uses context clues
  • strong when a something is viewed for a fraction of a second
  • stimulus is incomplete or ambiguous
69
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A
  • humans organize what we see
  • whole is greater than sum of its parts
  • humans see faces in everything
70
Q

Gestalt Laws of Organization

A

Law of Similarity, Proximity, Closure and Continuity

71
Q

Perceptual Constancies

A

Shape, Size and Brightness constancy

72
Q
A

Psych 104 (4 decks)

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