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Psych 104 > Chapter 4: Genes, Evolution and Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Genes, Evolution and Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s Behaviour

A

organism’s actions in response to some stimulus (either internal or external)

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2
Q

What’s evolution

A

Change in heritable traits in a population over time

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3
Q

What’s Natural Selection

A

Process by which evolution occurs i.e survival of the fittest

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4
Q

What’s fitness

A

ability of individual to pass on its genes

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5
Q

What are Genes

A

Basic unit of heredity, how traits are passed on from parent to offspring

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6
Q

What’s DNA

A

Made up of nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Thymine (replaced with Uracil in RNA), Cytosine and Guanine

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7
Q

Which nitrogenous bases pair with each other

A

Adenine pairs with Thymine (or Uracil with RNA), Cytosine pairs with Guanine

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8
Q

What’s a Genome

A

Complete set of an organism’s genetic material. i.e, Human genome

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9
Q

What’s a chromosome

A

Strands of DNA wound around each other, a pair of chromosomes have identical genetic makeup.

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10
Q

How do genes determine behaviour?

A

DNA is transcripts into RNA. RNA is translated into Amino Acid Chain. Amino Acid Chain is folded into Proteins. Proteins determine gene expressions, in turn behaviour

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11
Q

What are building blocks of life?

A

Amino Acids

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12
Q

What’s a Genotype

A

Specific genetic makeup i.e, AA, Aa, aa.

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13
Q

What’s a Phenotype

A

“Ph”ysical expression of genetic makeup

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14
Q

How many chromosomes are in somatic cells?

A

46 chromosomes in 23 pairs, one copy from each parent

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15
Q

Genetic Relatedness Percentages

A

50% to each biological parent and to each sibling

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16
Q

What’s the genetic relatedness between twins?

A

Identical twins = 100%
Fraternal twins = 50%

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17
Q

Monozygote

A

Monozygotes have one egg and one sperm, leads to identical twins.

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18
Q

Dizygotes

A

Has 2 sperms and 2 eggs that lead to fraternal twins

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19
Q

Dominance vs Recessive Alelles

A

Dominance is expressed with just 1 allele and recessive is expressed with a pair, i.e aa, or bb.

20
Q

What are alleles

A

2 alleles for each gene, one from each parent, pair of alleles could either be homozygous or heterozygous

21
Q

What’s Polygenic transmission

A

When many genes control 1 phenotypic trait, i.e, skin colour, height.

22
Q

What are Epigenetics

A

Lasting changes in gene function during development. The changes are caused by external elements.

23
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

Use enzymes to cut up pieces of DNA and combine with DNA from another organism. Then return combined DNA into host cell

24
Q

Gene Knockout

A

Alter a specific gene so it doesn’t function. Problem is that few behaviours are linked to single genes

25
Q

What are Behaviour Genetics

A

study of how genetic and environmental components lead to changes in behaviour.

26
Q

What’s heredity

A

passage of characteristics from parents to offspring. single person to person

27
Q

What’s Heritability

A

How much of the variation in a characteristic within a population can be attributed to genetic differences.

28
Q

Heritability Coefficient

A

A number from 0-1. Estimate of how much of a characteristic is due to genetic factors. 0 = genes did nothing, all environment. 1 = genes did everything, no environment.

29
Q

Concordance Rate

A

Rate of co-occurence of a characteristic among individuals.
i.e, how often you see 2 people with trait X?

30
Q

Heredity of Intelligence

A

genes account for 50-70% of intelligence.

31
Q

Reaction Range

A

range of possibilities that genetic code allows
Environmental effects determine where a person falls within the limits.

32
Q

What are the Big 5 personality traits

A

Openness, Conscientiousness (responsible, dependable), Extraversion (sociable), Agreeableness and Neuroticism (emotionally unstable)

33
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

How behaviour and actions evolved in response to environmental demands
Based on Theory of Evolution

34
Q

Theory of Evolution

A

change in genes of a population over a long time

35
Q

Natural Selection

A

Heritable Characteristics that increase your survival chances, thus gene (characteristic) becomes more common over time

36
Q

Types of Adaptations

A

Broad (wide use i.e. learn language, logical reasoning)
Domain-specific (solve particular problem i.e. mate selection, choosing food)

37
Q

Parental Investment

A

Time, effort, energy and risk involved with sucessfully caring for offsprings.

38
Q

Mating System

A

more competition for the sex that makes the highest parental investment (usually female)
Sex with higher investment will be more picky in choosing mates.

39
Q

Monogamous

A

Mating system where both parents have equal parental investment

40
Q

Polygamous

A

Unequal parental investments.
Polyandry: one female, many males
Polygyny: one male, many females.
Polygynandry: many male and females

41
Q

Altruism

A

one individual helps another, usually with sacrifices.
i.e. being selfless and self-sacrifice.

42
Q

Cooperation

A

individual helps another and gains an advantage.
i.e. working together to achieve a goal

43
Q

Kin Selection Theory

A

Type of Altruism where relatives help each other to survive

44
Q

Reciprocal Altruism Theory

A

I help you now, you help me later.
Develops long-term cooperation

45
Q

Aggression

A

stem from protecting mates, young, territory or food
Can develop social hierarchies through fights

46
Q

Genetic Determinism

A

false idea that effects of genes are concrete and unchangeable

47
Q

Social Darwinism

A

false idea that those at the top of social hierarchy are the best

Psych 104 (4 decks)

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