Chapter 6 Cells

Question 1

Active Transport

Answer 1

the energy-requiring movement of ions, nutrients, and molecules across the plasma membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, agains the substance’s concentration gradient.

Question 2

Apoptosis

Answer 2

the planned death of cells, programmed genetically during different stages of development.

Question 3

ATP

Answer 3

(Adenosine Triphosphate) a moelcule present in all living cells that supplies the energy for many of the body’s metabolic processes.

Question 4

Cell Physiology

Answer 4

the study of the function of cells.

Question 5

Centriole

Answer 5

an organelle that helps control cell divison and the movement of chromosomes.

Question 6

Channel

Answer 6

a grooved passage composed of proteins that allow substances ot flow in and out of the cell.

Question 7

Chromosome

Answer 7

the thread-like structure found in the nucleus of a cell that contains DNA and proteins. Come in pairs humans have 23 pairs, 46 chromosomes.

Question 8

Cilia

Answer 8

Tiny hair-like strucutres that propel single-cell organisms. They serve to move particles along a tissue surface (i.e. lining of respiratory tract).

Question 9

Concentration Gradient

Answer 9

an unequal distribution of a substance. Often in reference to a higher concentration on one side of the plasma membrane than the other.

Question 10

Congenital Defect

Answer 10

An Abnormality in embryonic or fetal development. May or may not be inherited.

Question 11

Cytokinesis

Answer 11

division of the cytoplasm of a cell following divsion of the nucleus.

Question 12

Cytoplasm

Answer 12

water substance around the nucles where most chemical activities take place.

Question 13

Cytosol

Answer 13

The fluid portion of Cytoplasm.

Question 14

Degenerative Disease

Answer 14

A condition that gradually gets worse over time.

Question 15

Diffusion

Answer 15

the spontaneous movement of molecules to reach equilibrium, a uniform concentration; occurs naturally and requires no cellular input (aka passive transport).

Question 16

Diploid

Answer 16

Possessing a full set of pair chromosomes.

Question 17

DNA

Answer 17

(Deoxyribonucleic Acid): a molecule of the cell where genetic informaiton is encoded.

Question 18

Dominant Inheritance

Answer 18

the inheritance of a trait or disease from a parent who exhibitsed the traid and had at least one gene for the trait.

Question 19

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 19

a emembrane system present throughout the cytoplasm.

Question 20

Enzyme

Answer 20

A protein that catalyzes biochemical reaction.

Question 21

Equilibrium

Answer 21

A state of blanace achieved when molecules or ions are dispersed even throughout the cell.

Question 22

Eukaryote

Answer 22

A cell that has a nucleus containing genetic material.

Question 23

Exocytosis

Answer 23

the release of material from a cell by a the fusion of a closed membrane shell with the plasma membrane.

Question 24

Filtration

Answer 24

The passage of liquid through a filter.

Question 25

Flagella

Answer 25

tiny thread-like extensions that provide movement for the cell (ex: sperm)

Question 26

Gene

Answer 26

a segment of DNA; the functional unit of a chromosome, which directs the synthesis of proteins.

Question 27

Genome

Answer 27

the total set of genes in an individual cell, containing 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Question 28

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 28

a cellular organelle; a stack of membrane sacs where sugar is added to protein and where cellular products are packaged.

Question 29

Haploid

Answer 29

containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

Question 30

Hydrolysis

Answer 30

the splitting of a compound into fragments by the addtion of water.

Question 31

Lysosome

Answer 31

a tiny sac containing enzymes taht digest cellular matter that is damaged or foreign to the body.

Question 32

Meisosis

Answer 32

a form of nuclear division in which there are actually two successive divisions tha tresult in forming haploid gametes. (egg & sperm)

Question 33

Mitosis

Answer 33

Cell division resulting in two daughter cells, process of cell replacement

Question 34

Mutation

Answer 34

change in genetic material

Question 35

Necrosis

Answer 35

the death of cells resulting from injury

Question 36

Nucleotide

Answer 36

the basic component of DNA & RNA

Question 37

Nucleus

Answer 37

the major oganelle of eukaryotic cells; contains genetic material

Question 38

Organelle

Answer 38

a specialized structure within the cells that performs a specific function

Question 39

Osmosis

Answer 39

the movement of solvent thorugh a semipermeable membrane

Question 40

Osmotic Pressure

Answer 40

the pressure exerted by water or other solvents flowing into a solution through a membrane.

Question 41

Phagocyte

Answer 41

a cellthat has the ability to ingest and destroy such substances as bacteria and cellular debris

Question 42

Pinocytosis

Answer 42

the uptake of fluid material into a cell

Question 43

Plasma Membrane

Answer 43

the membrane surrounding a cell; it allows the transport of substances into and out of the cell.

Question 44

Prokaryote

Answer 44

a cell whose genetic material is not contained in the nucleus, such as bacterium.

Question 45

Recessive Inheritance

Answer 45

inheritance of trait or disease where both parents carry the same abnormal gene although they may not have it themselves.

Question 46

Replication

Answer 46

reproduction of an exact copy

Question 47

Ribosome

Answer 47

a cellular organelle; a component of RNA involved in synthesizing protein.

Question 48

RNA

Answer 48

(Ribonucleic Acid) a molecule found in all living cells; transfers genetic information form DNA to the cytoplasm.

Question 49

Selective Permeability

Answer 49

the property of the plasma membrane that allows the passage of certain substances into and out of the cell.