Chapter 6: Cell division and inheritance Flashcards
is a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division
cell cycle
cell cycle occurs in?
eukaryotic cell
The ordered sequence of events that prepares a cell for division, leading to the production of two identical daughter cells.
cell cycle
what is the 4 stages of cell cycle?
Gap1, synthesis, Gap 2, mitosis
what comprises the interphase stage?
G1, S, G2
Is the phase during which the cell is not undergoing division.
- majority of cell’s time
- cells are not dividing
- regular functions (take in nutrients, grow, prepare for cell division
interphase
is the first phase of interphase that comes before the synthesis of DNA . Change occurs in the increased of size
Gap 1 or G1
is the crucial part of interphase since this is when DNA is synthesized?
Synthesis Phase
comes after DNA synthesis has occured but prior to start the mitosis. In this phase cell synthesize protein and continue increase in size.
G2 or Gap 2
-Short part of the cell cycle
-Occurs in somatic or body cells
-Involves formation of 2 daughter cells from a single parent cell.
Mitosis
what are the 4 phases of mitosis?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
In this stage of mitosis, where chromatin condenses into more discrete chromosomes. in short, chromosomes become visible and centrioles move to opposite poles.
Prophase
Where microtubules are produce?
centrosome
what stage of mitosis, where the spindle fibers are fully develop and the chromosome align in the equatorial plate?
Metaphase
what stage of mitosis, where nuclear membrane completely disappears?
Metaphae
what stage of mitosis, where Paired sister chromatids separate from one another (each is considered a full chromosome) and
Spindle apparatus moves the daughter chromosomes towards the poles at the opposite ends and
At the end, each pole contains a complete set of chromosomes
anaphase
what stage of mitosis where chromosomes are not visible into distinct new nuclei of daughter cells?
telophase
what stage of mitosis, where nucleus starts to reappear?
telophase
In telophase stage, how many cell occurs when cell finally divides?
2 cells.
-Occurs in sex cells or gametes of sexually matured organisms
- A single (parent) cell divides twice to produce four independent (daughter) cells, each having half the chromosomes as the original cell.
-Reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid
-Responsible for the production of sex cells in animals & spores in plants
Meiosis
what are 2 stages of meiosis?
meiosis 1 and meiosis 2
2 sister chromatids are called?
dyad
Crossing over occurs between 2 non-sister chromatids along a point called
chiasma
what stage in meiosis, where Each chromosome is now composed of 2 sister chromatids (dyad) held by centromere and
Synapsis or pairing of homologous chromosomes occurs and
Crossing over occurs between 2 non-sister chromatids along a point called chiasma. The other 2 chromatids remain uncrossed.
prophase 1
paired homologous chromosome are called?
tetrads
what stage in meiosis, where Paired homologous chromosomes (tetrads) line up along the metaphase plate or equatorial plate of the cell and
Spindle fibers increase in number. This is the part where the kinetochore of the chromosome attaches to facilitate movement.
metaphase 1
what stage in meiosis, where Homologous chromosomes (dyads) separate and migrate toward their respective poles?
anaphase 1
what stage of meiosis, where The 2 daughter cells are completely divided. and An equal amount of chromosomes are found in both cells. and Nuclear envelop and nuclei reappear, the chromosomes become visible
telophase 1
what it is called the short pause between meiosis 1 and 2? Similar to interphase of mitosis, but there is no replication of the chromosomes
interkinesis 1
what stage of meiosis, where The nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear, chromatids start to shorten and thicken. and
The centrioles move to opposite poles, and spindle fibers arrange in preparation for metaphase.
prophase 2
what stage of meiosis, where The two kinetochores of each centromere bind to spindle fibers from opposite poles.
Chromosomes move to the new equatorial metaphase plate.
metaphase 2
what stage in meiosis where Centromeres divide, allowing microtubules attached to the kinetochores to pull the sister chromatids apart.
The sister chromatids are now called sister chromosomes as they move toward the opposite poles.
anaphase 2
what stage of meiosis, where Cleavage furrow produces 2 daughter cells, each with a haploid set of chromosomes.
At the end, 4 new cells with haploid chromosomes are produced
telophase 2
-Process by which gametes (sex cells) are produced in sexually reproducing organisms.
-This process involves the formation and maturation of haploid cells (sperm and eggs) from diploid precursor cells.
Gametogenesis
Gametogenesis occurs through
meiosis
The process of sperm cell production.
Occurs in the testes of males.
spermatogenesis
in spermatogenesis, how many functional sperm cells from each diploid precursor cell produce?
4
Continuous and typically begins at puberty, continuing throughout a male’s life.
spermatogenesis
The process of egg (ova) cell production.
Occurs in the ovaries of females.
oogenesis
oogenesis produces how many from each diploid precursor cell?
1 functional egg cell and 3 polar bodies
Begins during fetal development, pauses, and resumes at puberty, continuing until menopause.
oogenesis
inside the testes are numerous thin and tightly coiled seminiferous tubules with immature cells called?
spermatogonia
