Chapter 5: Cell: the basic unit of life Flashcards
Is the smallest unit of life?
Cell
Cell is originated from the latin word?
cella, means a small room or compartment
Cell is introduced by?
Robert hooke
Is the building blocks of all animals and plants?
Cell
T/f: Cell is capable of performing life functions?
T
3 cycle of cell? GRM
GROWS, REPRODUCES, MATURES
Is the study of the structure and function of cells?
Cytology
2 Types of cell?
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell
What is the cell size in eukaryotic and prokaryotic?
E- LARGER (10-100 MICROMETER)
P- SMALLER (.1- 5.0 MICROMETER)
What is the dna structure of EUK AND PROK?
EUK- LINEAR
PROK- CIRCULAR (NAKED)
difference of ribosomes in euk and prok?
euk - larger (80S RIBOSOME)
PROK- SMALLER (70S RIBOSOME)
CELL WALL IN EUK AND PROK?
EUK- PRESENT IN PLANTS(CELLULOSE), FUNGI (CHITIN); ABSENT IN ANIMALS
PROK- PRESENT IN PEPTIDOGLYCAN IN BACTERIA
Flagellar structure in euk and prok?
EUK- COMPLEX, MADE OF MICROTUBULES (9+2 ARRANGEMENT)]
PROK- SIMPLE, MADE OF SINGLE PROTEIN CALLED FLAGELLIN
Is a proteins associated with genetic material present in eukaryotic cell?
Histones
Is the outer covering of the cell and functions as a selective barrier that regulated the entrance and exit of substances into the cell.
cell membrane
Cell membrane can be described into 2 models called?
classical model and fluid mosaic model
Who characterize the classical model?
Hugh Davson and James Danielli
The model characterizes the membrane as a phospholipid bilayer sandwiched by a coat of protein on either surface?
Classical model
Who characterizes fluid mosaic model?
Jonathan Singer & Garth Nicolson
The model states that the lipid bilayer is fluid & individual phospholipids diffuse rapidly throughout the surface of the membrane.
Fluid mosaic model
Why fluid mosaic model is mosaic due to
It is due proteins, cholesterol, and other molecules.
How many layer is the cell or plasma membrane?
double layer or bilayer
cell is made of? type of lipid or fat?
phospholipid
t/f cell membrane is important as it helps regulate substances that enter and exit the cell and serves as a solvent for integral membrane proteins that run across bilayer?
t
is the external coating of the cell membrane and is made up of glycoproteins and polysaccharides?
glycocalyx
what are small and nonpolar molecules?
oxygen and carbon dioxide
Small, nonpolar molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide can pass directly through the lipid bilayer by?
simple diffusion
example of small polar molecules?
water
Small polar molecules, such as water, may pass through the membrane via
aquaporins
example of Ions and larger polar molecules?
sodium ion and glucose
Ions and larger polar molecules, like sodium ions and glucose, require______ specific to move across the membrane?
transport protein
glycocalyx external coating made of?
glycoprotein and polysaccharides
what Protects & enables cell to cell recognition, Receptor sites for hormones, Allows cell to respond to changes in electrical potentials, and Filtration barrier?
glycocalyx
is the inner part of the cell, jelly-like substance, and is biggest part of the cell where organelles are found?
cytoplasm
-Liquid part of the cytoplasm
-Primarily made of water
-Also contains ions, small molecules, proteins, lipids & other organic compound
cytosol
What are cytoplasmic organelles?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
mitochondrion
lysosomes
centriole
pigment
secretory granules
cytoplasmic inclusion
Intercommunicating channel composed of membrane-enclosed sacs and tubules
endoplasmic reticulum
is more common type, has attached ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
more tubular and non gradular, has no attached ribosomes; a site for lipid synthesis, cellular detoxification, and storage of calcium ions in skeletal muscle cells.
Smooth ER
It helps in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones in endocrine cells?
ER
Composed of sets of cisternae (flattened membrane-bound sac) and vesicles
Sorts and packages molecules for use within the cell or for exocytosis (cell secretion)
Golgi apparatus/ complex
Have smooth outer membrane & inner membrane has numerous folds and power plant of the cell?
Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion Have smooth outer membrane & inner membrane has numerous folds called
cristae
-The power house of the cell
- Responsible for producing considerable amounts of ATP by aerobic respiration
- It is the site of adenosine triphosphate synthesis and fatty acid oxidation
Mitochondrion
T/F: Cells which require more energy have more mitochondria
TRUE
EXAMPLES OF CELLS THAT REQUIRES MORE METOCHONDRIA?
MUSCLE, NERVE, SPERM, KIDNEY, LIVER CELLS
EXAMPLES OF CELLS THAT REQUIRES LESS METOCHONDRIA
adipose cells, epithelial cells, RBCs, cartilage cells
Small-membrane bound bodies with hydrolytic enzymes
-the organelle in animal cells that contains enzyme to break down waste materials and cellular debris
Lysosomes
what do u call the enzyme for intracellular digestion?
acid hydrolases
-Small, cylindrical organelle composed of microtubules and Involved in cell division such as mitosis by the formation of the mitotic spindle?
centriole
are substances that do not require staining by dyes because they already possess their own color? abundant in plant cells
pigments
are large dense granules with membranes and is fuse with cell membrane to secrete substances out of the cell
secretory substances
Substances that are suspended in the cytoplasm
cytoplasmic inclusion
maintain cell structure & shape as it provides resiliency
microfilaments
linear polymers of tubulin, a network forms the spindle apparatus during cell division
microtubules
site for protein synthesis
ribosomes
store fatty acids and sterols
lipid droplets
for glucose cycle; abundant in liver cells
glycogen granules
Largest and most prominent organelle
nucleus
-Accounts for almost 10% of the volume of the entire cell
-Control center of the cell
-Contains the genetic material DNA which is organized into chromosomes
nucleus
t/f : RBCs and platelets lose nucleus as they mature
true
Nucleus is source for
rRNA (RIBOSOMAL)
mRNA (MESSENGER)
tRNA (Transfer)
is the nucleus two layered outer limit separating it from cytoplasm
nuclear envelope
acts as selective channels between the cytoplasm and the inside of nucleus, selectively allowing molecules contain the correct localization of signal to pass in and out.
nuclear pores
found inside the nucleus, made up of DNA AND proteins and forms chromosomes during cell division?
Chromatin
TWO GENERAL TYPES OF CHROMATIN?
EUCHROMATIN AND HETEROCHROMATIN
Appears light colored and less dense. Undergoes active transcription
Euchromatin
appears tightly coiled , dark and has coarse granule and is inactive
heterochromatin
is the fluid contained in the nucleus?
nucleoplasm
suspended in nucleoplasm and is rich in proteins and nucleic acids, where rRNA is transcribed and assemble?
nucleolus
A long, thread-like structure made of DNA and associated proteins called
histones
Loosely packed form is called
chromatin
-Carries genetic information
-Transmits genetic information
-Controls gene expression
chromosome
humans have how many chromosomes?
46 chromosome
how many pairs are autosome? (traits, body
functions)
22
How many pair of sex chromosome?
1
symbol for male and female?
XY MALE
XX FEMALE
Errors in cell division (nondisjunction, when chromosomes fail to separate)
down syndrome
Result is three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two
trisomy 21
What are functions of cell?
energy production
protein synthesis
cell communication
transport of material
cell division
homeostasis
response to stimuli
metabolism
waste removal and specialization
draw eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic cell
golgi apparatus is composed of sets of? flattened membrane bound sac ?
cisternae
in mitochondrion____ contains enzymes, mtDNA, ribosomes, metabolites
matrix
draw and label parts of chromosome
