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Zoology(Midterms) > Chapter 4: Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

is indispensable in the study of zoology?

A

Chemistry

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2
Q

is the foundation of life?

A

cell

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3
Q

is made up of atoms?

A

cell

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4
Q

cell is made up of?

A

atoms

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5
Q

What is atom?

A

-smallest particle
-basic unit of mater
- made up of smaller or subatomic particles
-component of cells (plant and animal cells)

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6
Q

atom exist in what form?

A

ion form

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7
Q

atom is made up of smaller or subatomic particles, three of which are?

A

Protons, neutrons, electrons

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8
Q

negatively charged particles?

A

electron

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9
Q

particles that contain no charge?

A

neutron

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10
Q

positively charged particles?

A

proton

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11
Q

When 2 or more atoms of the same or different elements are joined together they form what?

A

compound

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12
Q

it is a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means?

A

element

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13
Q

How many elements are there in 2024?

A

118

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14
Q

how many elements are naturally occurring?

A

92

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15
Q

how many artificial elements?

A

26

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16
Q

elements are illustrated using?

A

periodic table of elements

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17
Q

what is used to determine the order of elements?

A

atomic number

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18
Q

is a combination of 2 or more elements?

A

compounds

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19
Q

what held together the compound?

A

ionic or covalent bonds

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20
Q

t/f compound has fixed ratio of atoms

A

t

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21
Q

are the isotopes of an element that differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus?

A

atomic variants

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22
Q

Isotopes of element that does not lose energy through radiation/radioactive decay?

A

stable isotope

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23
Q

Isotopes of element that cannot hold together because of too many or too few neutrons?

A

Unstable isotopes

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24
Q

are atomic variants with either a net negative or a net positive charge brought by the difference between the number of electrons?

A

ions

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25
Q

what is the difference between an atom and an ion?

A

Atoms
- electrically neutral
-same number of protons and electrons
-number of protons define its element

ion
- electrically charged
-different number of protons and electrons
-may contain one or more atoms

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26
Q

have a unique and defined chemical structure

A

compound

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27
Q

elements connect with one another via?

A

atomic bonds

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28
Q

3 types of bonds?

A

covalent bond, ionic bond, metallic bond

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29
Q

most common type of bonds and pair of electrons are shared by two or more atoms?

A

covalent bond

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30
Q

when 1 electron pair is shared between 2 atoms?

A

single bond

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31
Q

when 2 electron pairs are shared between 2 atoms?

A

double bonds

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32
Q

when 3 electrons pair are shared between 2 atoms?

A

triple bonds

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33
Q

are in the outermost shell of the atom, and are able to interact with each other atoms to form chemical bonds?

A

valence electrons

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34
Q

t/f atoms can share valence electrons to form chemical bonds?

A

t

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35
Q

t/f sharing the valence electrons formed a double bonds between 2 carbon atoms?

A

false

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36
Q

Complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another?

A

ionic bonds

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37
Q

how many atom is in need of electrons to become stable?

A

1

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38
Q

Positive ions?
negative ions?

A

PI- CATION
NI- ANION

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39
Q

are force that holds metal together?

A

metallic bond

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40
Q

Exists between 2 or more metals with outermost electron shell that overlaps with each other?

A

metal bonds

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41
Q

are electron donors?

A

metals

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42
Q

t/f electrons are not localized and wandering around the metals?

A

true

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43
Q

how many days can people last without drinking water?

A

3 days

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44
Q

is an extensively utilized resource that is practically used everywhere?

A

water

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45
Q

what are the characteristics of water?

A

1) High heat of vaporization
2) Water molecules exhibit a high degree of:
cohesion and adhesion
3) Water exhibits a high surface tension
4) Ice floats; less dense than liquid water
5) Water is referred to as an excellent solvent.
6) Water has a slight tendency to fall apart into hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-)

46
Q

tendency of water molecules to cling to each other?

A

cohesion

47
Q

tendency of unlike molecules to cling to each other?

A

adhesion

48
Q

is mainly responsible for the thermal properties of water?

A

hydrogen bonding

49
Q

Each water molecule can form?

A

4 hydrogen bonds and 4 other water molecules

50
Q

what point is this? about 15% of the H bonds break?

A

melting point

51
Q

at what point is water molecules break free from the bonds holding them?

A

boiling point

52
Q

is the energy required to vaporize one mole of liquid at a pressure of one atmosphere?

A

heat vaporization

53
Q

Energy required to change a substance from solid to liquid (melting) or from liquid to solid (freezing) at a constant temperature?

A

latent heat of fusion

54
Q

is the amount of energy that should be added or removed to change the temperature by one degrees Celsius?

A

heat capacity

55
Q

Energy required to change a substance from liquid to gas (evaporation/boiling) or from gas to liquid (condensation) at a constant temperature?

A

latent heat of vaporization

56
Q

are composed of elements?

A

living cells

57
Q

major constituent of biomolecules?

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

58
Q

is veryimportant component of cell?

A

water

59
Q

water make up how many percent of weight?

A

70%

60
Q

most of the biochemical reactions occur in?

A

aqueous environment

61
Q

what are elements that play keyroles in innumerable biological processes vital to the sustenance of life?

A

: Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Iron, Magnesium

62
Q

t/f Excess or deficiency in these elements
can cause illness in organisms

A

t

63
Q

5 major complex biomolecules?

A

carbohydrates(polysaccharide), lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

64
Q

make a table about cell’s organic compound

A
65
Q

building block of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides

66
Q
A
67
Q

building block of lipid?

A

fatty acid

68
Q

building block of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

69
Q

building block of proteins?

A

amino acids

70
Q

is the element that life on earth is based upon?

A

carbon

71
Q

are most abundant organic compound? and functions as energy sources and structural component of cells?

A

Carbohydrates

72
Q

carbohydrates have large amount of ?

A

hydroxyl group (OH)

73
Q

what are the groups of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

74
Q

monomers or simple sugars?

A

monosaccharides

75
Q

example of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose

76
Q

chemical formula of monosaccharides?

A

C6H12O6

77
Q

Composed of 2 simple sugars bonded by glycosidic bonds

A

disaccharides

78
Q

disaccharides are bonded by? a type of ether bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate

A

glycosidic bonds

79
Q

example of disaccharides?

A

Lactose or milk sugar, Sucrose, Maltose

80
Q

are made up of anywhere from 3 to 10 monosaccharides units linked by glycosidic bonds?

A

oligosaccharides

81
Q

May consist of thousand of monomers of glucose or other simple sugars?

A

Polysaccharides

82
Q

examples of polysaccharides?

A

starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen

83
Q

carbohydrate storage for plants

A

starch

84
Q

most abundant biological molecule

A

cellulose

85
Q

major substance in the exoskeleton of arthropods & mollusk

A

chitin

86
Q

main storage form of carbohydrate in animals

A

glycogen

87
Q

Include fats, oils, waxes, steroids, phospholipids?

A

lipids

88
Q

function of lipids?

A

-for energy storage
-components of membranes
-insulation barriers to avoid thermal, electric & physical shock
-as lipoprotein that facilitates transport of lipids in the blood
-as waterproof coatings
-as chemical messengers

89
Q

what are types of lipids?

A

simple lipids, compound lipids, derived lipids

90
Q

illustrate the classification of lipids?

A
91
Q

Consists of a glycerol part with each hydroxyly (OH) group esterified to a fatty acid
- Common in adipose tissue, olive oil, lard
-Often seen as solid (neutral fats) or semisolid at room temperature – in animals
-liquid (neutral oils) – in plants

A

Triglycerides or neutral fats

92
Q
  • contain a high proportion of fatty acid molecules without double bonds
  • considered to be less healthy
A

saturated fats

93
Q
  • contain one or more double or triple bonds between the molecules
A

unsaturated fats

94
Q

Found in the surface of fruits, leaves, feather, and fur
Repels water
Composed of esters of long chain fatty acids
- can be found in beeswax, head oil of sperm whale, cerumen, carnuba oil, lanolin

A

waxes

95
Q

example of compound lipid?

A

phospholipids, Sphingolipids, Glycolipids

96
Q

-Contain glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphoric acid bound in ester linkages to a nitrogenous base?
-Found mainly in animal tissues in the form of lecithin,cephalin, plasmalogen, & lipositol

A

Phospholipids

97
Q

Contain sphingosine as the alcohol backbone
Example: sphingomyelin in nervous tissue (signal transmission), brain, red blood cells

A

sphingolipids

98
Q

-Lipids with a carbohydrate attached into it
-Important components of the plasma membrane in cells
-Extend from the phospholipid bilayer into the aqueous environment outside the cell
-Serve as recognition sites for specific chemicals
-Maintain the stability of the membrane
-Attach cells to each other to form tissues

A

Glycolipids

99
Q

example of derived lipids

A

Terpenes, sterols, fatty acids

100
Q

-Primary constituents of the essential oils of many types of plants and flowers?
-Found in plant pigments carotene & lycopene
-Fat-soluble vitamins A, E & K are also chemically related
- these vits are essential for blood clotting; maintenance of structural integrity; sight

A

Terpenes

101
Q

Examples are cholesterol, androgens and estrogens (sex hormones), adrenal corticosteroids, ergostol (found in plant tissues, yeast & fungi), 7-dehydrocholesterol
- have important roles in cellular structure, cellular communication, and metabolism

A

sterols

102
Q

Long chain aliphatic carboxylic acid products
Result from the hydrolysis of lipids?
Can be classified according to:
- the length of the carbon chain ( short, medium, long chain)
- importance in the diet (essential or non-essential)
- number of double bonds (unsaturated, monounsaturated,polyunsaturated)

A

fatty acids

103
Q

-Almost all biological processes require_?
-Many roles in cells & between cells
-Mediates & participates in several biological processes

A

proteins

104
Q

biologicals processes mediated by proteins?

A

1) Structural proteins make up some components of animal tissue
2) Regulatory proteins control numerous cell processes
3) Enzymes facilitate many chemical reactions
4) Hormones are chemical messenger
5)Transport proteins carry other substances through cells or from cell to cell
6)Antibodies or immunoglobulins are responsible for detecting foreign substances or “antigen”
7) Fluid balance is also regulated by proteins, primarily albumin and blood plasma

105
Q

3 level organizations of proteins?

A

1) Primary structure-
2) Secondary structure
3)Tertiary structure
4) Quaternary-

106
Q

what level of organization in the protein that simply the order of aa in the polypeptide strand

A

primary structure

107
Q

what level of organization in the protein that refers to the 3D folding of the polypeptide chain

A

secondary structure

108
Q

what level of organization in the protein?formed when the distant segments of a primary structure & the relationships of the side chains are bound in a 3D folding of the entire polypeptide chain

A

tertiary structure

109
Q

what level of organization in protein fitting together of 2 or more polypeptide chains

A

quaternary

110
Q

Large organic molecules w/c carry the genetic information in the form of a code?

A

nucleic acids

111
Q

2 types of nucleic acid?

A

dna and rna

112
Q

differentiate dna to rna

A

type of sugar: deoxyribose, ribose
number of strands: double helix, single helix
nitrogenous bases: adenine cytosine guanine thymine //// adenine cytosine guanine uracil
location in the cell: nucleus// nucleus and cytoplasm

Zoology(Midterms) (3 decks)

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