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Baron's AP Biology Terms > Chapter 6: Cell Division > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

cell division

A
  • functions in reproduction, repair, and growth
  • mitosis produces two genetically identical daughter cells known as clones with 2n
  • meiosis results in haploid cells (n)
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2
Q

chromosome

A

highly coiled and condensed strand of DNA

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3
Q

structure of chromosome

A

-two SISTER chromatids (copies) joined by a centromere

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4
Q

kinetochore

A

protein on centromere that attaches the chromatid to the mitotic spindle during cell division

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5
Q

cell cycle

A

regular sequence of growth and division

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6
Q

timing and rate of cell division

A
  • affects the normal development, depending on the cell

- if not controlled by kinases allosteric interactions, can lead to cancer

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7
Q

ratio of surface area to volume

A
  • as cell grows, the volume grows faster than the surface area of cell membrane, which affects the exchange of nutrients and waste products
  • determinant of when cell divides
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8
Q

capacity of the nucleus

A
  • need enough genetic information to provide nutrients for the cell
  • determines when cell divides
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9
Q

phases of the cell cycle

A
  1. interphase
  2. mitosis
  3. cytokinesis
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10
Q

interphase

A
  • chromatin is not condensed
  • nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
  • centrosome with 2 centrioles in cytoplamsm of animal cells
  • plants lack centrosomes, but have MTOC (microtubule organizing centers)
    1. G1 phase: intense growth and biochemical activity
    2. G1 checkpoint (restriction point in animals): cell checks to ensure that enough DNA, nutrients, etc. are present in order to commit to division
    3. S phase: synthesis (replication) of DNA, duplication of centrosome
    4. G2 phase: cell continues to prepare for cell division
    5. G2 checkpoint: is DNA replicated properly?
    6. G2-M transition: centrosomes separate from each other
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11
Q

mitosis

A
  • actual dividing of the nucleus
    1. prophase
    2. metaphase
    3. anaphase
    4. telophase
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12
Q

prophase

A
  • nuclear membrane disintegrates
  • strands of chromosomes condense
  • nucleolus disappears
  • mitotic spindle begins to form in the cytoplasm, extending from one centrosome to the other
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13
Q

metaphase

A
  • chromosomes line up in single file on the metaphase plate
  • centrosomes are already on the opposite poles of the cell
  • spindle fibers run from centrosomes to kinetochores in the centromere
  • M-spindle checkpoint: chromosomes are attached to kinetochores and are lined up on the metaphase plate
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14
Q

anaphase

A

-centromeres of each chromosome separate because spindle fibers pull apart sister chromatids

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15
Q

telophase

A
  • chromosomes cluster at the opposite ends of the cell
  • nuclear membrane begins reforming
  • supercoiled chromosomes begin to uncondense
  • once 2 individual nuclei form, mitosis is completed
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16
Q

cytokinesis

A
  • dividing of the cytoplasm
  • animal: cleavage furrow due to actin and myosin m microfilaments pinching the cytoplasm
  • plant: cell plate forms so that daughter cells don’t separate from each other, but rather form a new cell wall and middle lamella (sticks cells together)
17
Q

characteristics of normal cells

A
  • contact inhibition (density dependent inhibition): cells grow and divide until they become to crowded and enter G0 phase
  • anchorage dependence: division will only occur if cell is attached to surface
18
Q

cancer cells

A

-uncontrollable cell growth

19
Q

meiosis

A
  • generates genetic diversity that natural selection and evolution act upon
  • produces haploid gametes by dividing the nucleus 2x
  • genetic material is randomly separated and recombined
20
Q

sexual reproduction

A

joining of 2 haploid cells

21
Q

meiosis I (AKA reduction division)

A

process by which homologous chromosomes separate

  1. interphase (copying DNA)
  2. prophase I
  3. metaphse I
  4. anaphase I
  5. telophase I
  6. cytokinesis I
22
Q

prophase I

A
  • chromosomes pair up with homologue into a tetrad by synapsis
  • crossing over: exchange genetic material
  • chiasmata: visible result of crossing over
23
Q

metaphase I

A
  • double file: homologous chromosomes lined up along metaphase plate
  • spindle fibers are attached to centromere of each pair of homologues
24
Q

anaphase I

A

-separation of homologous chromosomes by spindle fibers

25
Q

telophase I

A

-homologous pairs continue to separate until each pole has halpoid number of chromosomes, but the same number of chromatids

26
Q

cytokinesis I

A

-usually occurs with telophase

27
Q

meiosis II

A
  • functionally the same as mitosis, including the same steps
  • chromosome number remains haploid (no duplication before separation)
  • anaphase II: separate chromosomes into chromatids, leading to each cell gaining haploid cells
28
Q

independent assortment of chromosomes

A

homologous chromosomes separate depending on the random way they align on the metaphase plate

29
Q

crossing over

A

produces recombinant chromsomes that combine genes from both parents in an individual

30
Q

random fertilization

A

sperm fertilizes egg randomly

31
Q

protein kinases

A
  • common in cell signal transduction
  • controls cell cycle timing
  • catalyze phosphorylation of target proteins that regulate the cell cycle
32
Q

cyclin-dependent kinases

A

-activated by binding with cyclin, which exposes the active site of the CDK and activates the molecule
-example of allosteric inhibition
-regulate cell cycle at specific checkpoints
-cyclins synthesized in response to molecular signals, including growth factors
growth factor –> cyclin synthesis –> CDK activation –> cell cycle

33
Q

apoptosis

A
  • programmed cell death of infected, damaged, or old cells
  • cell components are chopped up and packaged in vesicles where they are engulfed by scavenger cells
  • embryonic development, prevent cancerous cells
  • plant cells: defense mechanism in fungus and bacteria by leaving no tissue that can spread infection
  • mammals: signals from different sources (inside or outside cell) trigger pathways involving caspases (enzymes) to carry out apoptosis
  • evolved early in the evolution of eukaryotic cells

Baron's AP Biology Terms (14 decks)

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