Chapter 14: Animal Reproduction and Development

Question 1

asexual reproduction

Answer 1

• produces offspring genetically identical to the parent
• no expenditure on maintaining energy reproductive systems or hormonal cycles
• budding, fragmentation/regeneration, parthenogenesis

Question 2

sexual reproduction

Answer 2

-creates variation

Question 3

blastula

Answer 3

-fluid-filled ball of cells created after cleavage of division

Question 4

blastocyst

Answer 4

-embryo that has blastula

Question 5

inner cell mass

Answer 5

-will develop into the embryo

Question 6

pluripotent cells

Answer 6

• cells of early blastocoel stage that are the source of embryonic stem cells
• can develop into any cell type

Question 7

totipotent

Answer 7

-capable of giving rise to any cell type, plus the extraembryonic, or placental, cells

Question 8

blastomere

Answer 8

-individual cells of blastocyst

Question 9

ectoderm

Answer 9

-will become the skin and nervous system

Question 10

endoderm

Answer 10

-will formt he viscera including the lungs, liver, and digestive organs

Question 11

mesoderm

Answer 11

-give rise to muscle, blood, and bones

Question 12

gastrula

Answer 12

• three layered embryo due to glastulation (rearrangement of the blastula)
• ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

Question 13

organogenesis

Answer 13

-creation of organs

Question 14

cytoplasmic determinants

Answer 14

-substances in the cytoplasmic regions of the embryo that affect the course of early development by regulating gene expression which influences the fate of the cells

Question 15

embryonic induction

Answer 15

-ability of one group of embryonic cells to influence the development of another group of cells

Question 16

homeotic genes, Hox genes, homeobox

Answer 16

-master regulatory genes that control the expression of genes that regulate the placement of specific anatomical structures