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Baron's AP Biology Terms > Chapter 11: Plants > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Plants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

plants

A
  • multicelled, eukaryotic, photosynthetic autotrophs
  • cell walls made of cellulose
  • surplus carb: starch
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2
Q

alteration of generations

A
  • one generation is gametophyte, where the cells are haploid

- alternate generation is sporophyte generation, where cells are diploid

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3
Q

bryophytes

A
  • nonvascular: no xylem and phloem
  • absorb water through diffusion from the air
  • lack tissue necessary for tall plant
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4
Q

tracheophytes

A
  • vascular: have xylem and phloem
  • can support tall plants
  • roots: absorb water and support plant
  • leaves increase photsynthetic surface
  • sporophyte generation is dominant
  • seedless plants reproduce by spores (ferns)
  • seed plants
    a. gymnosperms: cone-bearing
    b. angiosperms: flowering (monocots and dicots)
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5
Q

seedless tracheophytes

A
  • homosporous: produce with only one type of spore which develops into a bisexual gametophyte
  • restricted to moist habitat, but can grow tall
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6
Q

seed tracheophytes

A

-heterosporous: produce two kinds of sportes, megaspores (develop into female gametophytes) and microspores (develop into male gametophytes)

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7
Q

gymnosperms: conifers

A
  • first seeded plants on earth
  • seed are not enclosed by fruit, but are exposed on modified leaves that form cones
  • depend on wind for polliniation
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8
Q

angiosperms: flowering plants

A
  • animals polinate
  • after fertilization, ovary become fruit and ovule becomes the seed
  • fruit protects dormant seed and aids in dispersal
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9
Q

monocots

A
  • one cotyledon (seed leaves)
  • scattered vascular bundles in stem
  • parallel leaf venation
  • floral parts usually in 3s
  • fibrous roots
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10
Q

dicots

A
  • two cotyledons
  • vascular bundles in stem in a ring
  • netlike leaf venation
  • floral parts in 4s or 5s
  • taproots
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11
Q

how plants survive on land

A
  • cell wall: made of cellulose, supports cells who are no longer supported by a watery environment
  • roots
  • stomates: exchange photosynthetic gases and close to minimize water loss
  • waxy coating: made of cutin
  • seeds and pollen
  • xylem (water and nurients) and phloem (food)
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12
Q

apical meristem

A

-tips of the root and buds of the shoots source of primary growth (elongation of the plant down in the soil and up in the air)

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13
Q

meristem

A

-continually divides and generates new cells

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14
Q

lateral meristem

A

-increase in thickness (woody plants)

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15
Q

vascular bundles

A
  • AKA veins
  • vascular tissue that runs the length of the stem in strand
  • xylem on the inside, phloem on the outside, meristem tissue between
  • located in the mesophyll
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16
Q

guard cells

A

-modified epidermal cells that contain chloroplasts, photosynthetic, control the opening of stomates

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17
Q

mesophyll layer

A

-holds the most chloroplasts

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18
Q

bundle sheath cells

A

-separate vascular bundles from the rest of the mesophyll

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19
Q

transpirational pull

A
  • fluid in xylem can be pulled up against gravity without energy
  • ability for roots to regulate the uptake of nutrients
20
Q

transpiration

A

-evaporation of water from leaves that causes tension in the xylem

21
Q

transpirational pull-cohesion tension theory

A

-for each molecule of water that evaporates from a leaf by transpiration, another water molecule is drawn in at the root to replace it

22
Q

vegetative propogation

A

-part of the plant gives rise to another plant that is identical to the parent

23
Q

pollination

A
  • one pollen grain containing 3 haploid nuclei (one tube nucleus, 2 sperm nuclei) lands on stigma of the flower
  • pollen grain absorbs moisture and sprouts, producing a pollen tube that burrows down the style into the ovary
  • two sperm nuclei travel to the ovary where they enter the nuclei through the micropyle
24
Q

double fertilization

A
  • one sperm fertilizes the egg, making a 2n embryo
  • one sperm fertilizes the polar bodies, making a triploid (3n) endosperm (food for the growing embryo
  • ovule becomes the seed
  • ovary becomes the fruit
  • monocots: food reserves remain in the endosperm
  • dicot: food reserves of endosperm transported to cotyledons
25
Q

seed structure

A

-seed coat, embyo, cotyledon/endosperm

26
Q

embryo structure

A
  • hypocotyl: becomes lower part of stem
  • epicotyl: becomes upper part of stem
  • radicle (embryonic root): first organ to emerge from germinating seed
27
Q

dormancy

A

-seeds do not start growing until environmental cue is met

28
Q

germination

A
  • imbibition: absorprtion of water, causing the seed to crack
  • enzymes are activated
  • RNA directs synthesis of proteins
  • complete when radicle emerges from seed coat
29
Q

gametophyte (n)

A

-produces gametes by mitosis, which fuse together to form 2n zygotes

30
Q

sporophyte (2n)

A

-produces haploid spores by meiosis, which each form a new gametophyte

31
Q

signal transduction pathways

A

-amplify hormonal signal and connect it to specific cell responses (hormones affect growth, development, and responses to environmental signaling)

32
Q

auxins

A
  • plant hormone that controls phototropisms due to uneven distribution of auxin
  • enhances apical dominance
  • used in human chemicals and pesticides
33
Q

cytokinins

A
  • stimulate cytokinesis and cell division

- produced in roots

34
Q

gibberellins

A

-promote stem and leaf elongation

35
Q

abscisic acid (ABA)

A
  • inhibits growth
  • enables plants to withstand drought
  • promotes seed dormancy
36
Q

ethylene

A
  • promotes fruit ripening
  • facilitates apoptosis
  • promotes leaf abscission (leaf dies and falls from plant)
37
Q

tropism

A

-growth of a plant towards or away from a stimulus

38
Q

thigmotropisms

A

-touch

39
Q

geotropisms

A

-same as gravitropisms

40
Q

positive tropism

A

-growth towards a stimulus

41
Q

negative tropism

A

-growth away from a stimulus

42
Q

photoperiod

A

-relative length of day and night that plants use to detect the time of year

43
Q

photoperiodism

A

-physiological response to the photoperiod

44
Q

long-day plants

A
  • flower when the light period is longer than a certain number of hours
  • short-night plant
45
Q

short-day

A
  • flower when the light period is shorter than a certain number of hours
  • long-night plant
46
Q

day-neutral

A

-flower regardless of the length of the day

47
Q

phytochrome

A

-keeps track of the length of day and night depending on the presence of different types of phytochromes

Baron's AP Biology Terms (14 decks)

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