Chapter 6 - Cardiorespiratory Endurance Flashcards
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A high-energy chemical compound that the body uses for immediate energy
Aerobic
Describes exercise that requires oxygen to produce the necessary energy (ATP) to carry out the activity.
Alveoli
Air sacs in the lungs where oxygen is taken up and carbon dioxide (produced by the body) is released from the blood.
Anaerobic
Describes exercise that does not require oxygen to produce the necessary energy (ATP) to carry out the activity.
Anaerobic threshold
The highest percentage of the VO2max at which an individual can exercise (maximal steady state) for an extended time without accumulating significant amounts of lactic acid (accumulation of lactic acid forces an individual to slow down the exercise intensity to stop altogether).
Arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-vO2diff)
The amount of oxygen removed from the blood as determined by the difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood.
Capillaries
Smallest blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood to the tissues in the body.
Cardiac output
Amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minutes.
Cardiorespiratory endurance
The ability of the lungs, heart, and blood vessels to deliver adequate amounts of oxygen to the cells to meet the demands of prolonged physical activity.
Cardiorespiratory training zone
Recommended training intensity range, in terms of exercise heart rate, to obtain adequate cardiorespiratory endurance development.
Cool-down
Tapering off an exercise session slowly.
Exercise
A type of physical activity that requires planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement with the intent of improving or maintaining one or more components of physical fitness.
FITT
An acronym used to describe the four cardiorespiratory exercise prescription variables: frequency, intensity, type (mode), and time (duration).
Frequency
Number of times per week a person engages in exercise.
Heart rate reserve (HRR)
The difference between maximal heart rate and resting heart rate.
Hemoglobin
Iron-containing compound, found in red blood cells, that transports oxygen.
Hypokinetic diseases
“Hypo” denotes “lack of”; therefore, lack of physical activity.
Intensity
In cardiorespiratory exercise, how hard a person has to exercise to improve or maintain fitness.
Maximal heart rate (MHR)
Highest heart rate for a person, related primarily to age.
Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max)
Maximum amount of oxygen the body is able to utilize per minute of physical activity, commonly expressed in milliliters per kilogram per minute mL/kg/min); the best indicator of cardiorespiratory or aerobic fitness.
MET
Short for metabolic equivalent, the rate energy expenditure at rest; 1 MET is the equivalent of a VO2 of 3.5 mL/kg/min.
Mitochondria
Structures within the cells where energy transformations take place.
Mode
Form or type of exercise.
Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
Energy expended doing everyday activities not related to exercise.
Nonresponders
Individuals who exhibit small or no improvements in fitness as compared to others who undergo the small training program.
Oxygen uptake (VO2)
The amount of oxygen the human body uses.
Physical activity
Bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles; requires expenditure of energy and produces progressive health benefits. Examples include walking, taking the stairs, dancing, gardening, yard work, house cleaning, snow shoveling, washing the car, and all forms of structured exercise.
Principle of individuality
Training concepts holding that genetics plays a major role in individual responses to exercise training and these differences must be considered when designing exercise programs for different people.
Rate of perceived exertion (RPE)
A perception scale to monitor or interpret the intensity of aerobic exercise.
Recovery time
Amount of time that the body takes to return to resting levels after exercise.
Responders
Individuals who exhibit improvements in fitness as a result of exercise training.
Resting heart rate (RHR)
Heart rate after a person has been sitting quietly for 15 to 20 minutes.
Stroke volume
Amount of blood pumped by the heart in one beat.
Vigorous exercise
CR exercise that requires an intensity level of approximately 70 percent of capacity.
Warm-up
Starting a workout slowly.
Workload
Load (or intensity) placed on the body during physical activity.
