Chapter 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues

Question 1

A type of skeletal cartilage that provides support, flexibility, and resilience. Is the most abundant type

Answer 1

Hyaline cartilage

Question 2

Is a type of skeletal cartilage that is similar to hyaline cartilages but contain elastic fibers

Answer 2

Elastic cartilages

Question 3

Type of skeletal cartilage that has collagen fibers that have great tensile strength

Answer 3

Fibrocartilages

Question 4

Cells that secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

Answer 4

Appositional

Question 5

Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within

Answer 5

Interstitial

Question 6

Calcification of cartilage occurs during

Answer 6

Normal bone growth and old age

Question 7

Are the two main groups of bones

Answer 7

Axial and appendicular

Question 8

Is a bone marking That has a rounded projection

Answer 8

Tuberosity

Question 9

Is a bone marking that has a narrow, prominent ridge

Answer 9

Crest

Question 10

Is a bone marking that has a sharp, slender projection

Answer 10

Spine

Question 11

Is a projection that helps form a joint. Is a bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Answer 11

Head

Question 12

Bone marking: depressions and openings

A cavity within a bone

Answer 12

Sinus

Question 13

Bone markings: depressions and openings

Round or oval opening through a bone

Answer 13

Foramen

Question 14

A bone that has a dense outer layer

Answer 14

Compact bone

Question 15

A bone that has honeycomb of trabeculae

Answer 15

Spongy (cancellous) bone

Question 16

Structure of long bones:

The diaphysis is the what of a bone

Answer 16

Shaft

Question 17

Structure of long bone:

Compact bone collar surrounds what

Answer 17

Medullary (marrow) cavity

Question 18

Structure of long bone:

Medullary cavity in adults contains…

Answer 18

Fat(yellow marrow)

Question 19

Structure of long bones:

Has expanded ends, spongy bone interior, epiphyseal line, and articulate (hyaline) cartilage on joint surfaces

Answer 19

Epiphyses

Question 20

Membranes of bones:

Has an outer fibrous layer and an inner osteogenic layer

Answer 20

Periosteum

Question 21

Are bone forming cells

Answer 21

Osteoblasts

Question 22

Are bone destroying cells

Answer 22

Osteoclasts

Question 23

Are bone stem cells

Answer 23

Osteogenic cells

Question 24

Nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter the bone via…

Answer 24

Nutrient foramina

Question 25

Is a delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone that also contain osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Answer 25

Endosteum

Question 26

Covers compacts bone on the outside

Answer 26

Periosteum

Question 27

Covers spongy bone within

Answer 27

Endosteum

Question 28

Spongy bone is called what is flat bones

Answer 28

Diploe

Question 29

Red marrow cavities of adults are located

Answer 29

In trabecular cavities of the headed of the femur and humerus. Trabecular cavities of the diploe of flat bones

Question 30

Red marrow of newborn infants is located in

Answer 30

Medullary cavities and all spaces in spongy bone

Question 31

Are stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts

Answer 31

Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells

Question 32

Part of bone that contains blood vessels and nerves

Answer 32

Central (Haversian) canals

Question 33

Are weight-bearing, column like matrix tubes

Answer 33

Lamellae

Question 34

Are at right angles to central canal and connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal

Answer 34

Perforating (Volkmann's) canals

Question 35

Are small cavities that contain osteocytes

Answer 35

Lacunae

Question 36

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

Answer 36

Canaliculi

Question 37

Part of spongy bone that align along lines of stress, have no osteons, contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi; capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients

Answer 37

Trabeculae

Question 38

An organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts

Answer 38

Osteoid

Question 39

Inorganic part of bone, 65% of bone by mass, mainly calcium phosphate crystals, responsible for hardness and resistance to compression

Answer 39

Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)

Question 40

The process of bone tissue formation

Answer 40

Osteogenesis (ossification)

Question 41

The stages of osteogenesis are

Answer 41

1. Bone formation 2. Postnatal bone growth 3. Bone remodeling and repair

Question 42

What type of cartilages contain no blood vessels or nerves

Answer 42

Skeletal cartilages

Question 43

Membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane and forms flat bones

Answer 43

Intramembranous ossification

Question 44

Cartilage (endochondral) bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage and forms most of the rest of the skeleton

Answer 44

Endochondral ossification

Question 45

Uses hyaline cartilage models and requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification

Answer 45

Endochondral ossification

Question 46

Increase length of long bones is called

Answer 46

Interstitial growth

Question 47

Increase thickness and remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces is

Answer 47

Apposition all growth

Question 48

Epiphyseal plate cartilage organizes into four important functional zones...

Answer 48

1. Proliferation(growth) 2. Hypertrophic 3. Calcification 4. Ossification (osteogenic)

Question 49

What stimulates epiphyseal plate activity

Answer 49

Growth hormone

Question 50

What modulates activity of growth hormone

Answer 50

Thyroid hormone

Question 51

What promotes adolescent growth spurts and ends growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure

Answer 51

Testosterone and estrogens

Question 52

Occurs when bone is injured or added strength is needed

Answer 52

Bone deposit

Question 53

Sites of new matrix deposit are revealed by the...

Answer 53

Osteoid seam and calcification front

Question 54

Is an unmineralized band of matrix

Answer 54

Osteoid Seam

Question 55

The abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone

Answer 55

Calcification front

Question 56

Osteoclasts secrete what

Answer 56

Lysosomal enzymes and acids

Question 57

What controls continual remodeling of bone

Answer 57

Hormonal mechanisms that maintain calcium homestasis In the blood and mechanical and gravitational forces

Question 58

What is necessary for transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, secretion by glands and nerve cells and cell division

Answer 58

Calcium

Question 59

A bone grows or remodels itself in response to forces or demands placed upon it

Answer 59

Wolff's Law

Question 60

Stages in healing of a bone fracture are

Answer 60

1. Hematoma forms 2. Fibrocattilaginous callus forms 3. Bony callus formation 4. Bone remodeling

Question 61

What stage in healing of a bone fracture: Torn blood vessels hemorrhage Clot forms Site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed

Answer 61

Hematoma forms

Question 62

What stage of healing of bone fracture: Phagocytic cells clear debris Osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to connect bone ends

Answer 62

Fibrocartilaginous callus forms

Question 63

What stage of the healing of a bone fracture: New trabecular form a bony callus

Answer 63

Bony callus formation

Question 64

What stage is the healing of a bone fracture: Final structure resembles original

Answer 64

Bone remodeling

Question 65

Childhood Disease that causes bowed legs and other bone deformations

Answer 65

Rickets

Question 66

Loss of bone mass-bone resorption outpaces deposit, spongy bone of spine and neck of femur become most susceptible to fracture

Answer 66

Osteoporosis

Question 67

Excessive and haphazard bone formation and breakdown, usually in spine, pelvis, femur, or skull. Has very high ratio of spongy bone to compact bone and reduced mineralization

Answer 67

Paget's disease