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Bio 137 > Chapter 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A type of skeletal cartilage that provides support, flexibility, and resilience. Is the most abundant type

A

Hyaline cartilage

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2
Q

Is a type of skeletal cartilage that is similar to hyaline cartilages but contain elastic fibers

A

Elastic cartilages

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3
Q

Type of skeletal cartilage that has collagen fibers that have great tensile strength

A

Fibrocartilages

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4
Q

Cells that secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

A

Appositional

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5
Q

Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within

A

Interstitial

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6
Q

Calcification of cartilage occurs during

A

Normal bone growth and old age

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7
Q

Are the two main groups of bones

A

Axial and appendicular

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8
Q

Is a bone marking That has a rounded projection

A

Tuberosity

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9
Q

Is a bone marking that has a narrow, prominent ridge

A

Crest

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10
Q

Is a bone marking that has a sharp, slender projection

A

Spine

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11
Q

Is a projection that helps form a joint. Is a bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

A

Head

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12
Q

Bone marking: depressions and openings

A cavity within a bone

A

Sinus

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13
Q

Bone markings: depressions and openings

Round or oval opening through a bone

A

Foramen

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14
Q

A bone that has a dense outer layer

A

Compact bone

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15
Q

A bone that has honeycomb of trabeculae

A

Spongy (cancellous) bone

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16
Q

Structure of long bones:

The diaphysis is the what of a bone

A

Shaft

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17
Q

Structure of long bone:

Compact bone collar surrounds what

A

Medullary (marrow) cavity

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18
Q

Structure of long bone:

Medullary cavity in adults contains…

A

Fat(yellow marrow)

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19
Q

Structure of long bones:

Has expanded ends, spongy bone interior, epiphyseal line, and articulate (hyaline) cartilage on joint surfaces

A

Epiphyses

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20
Q

Membranes of bones:

Has an outer fibrous layer and an inner osteogenic layer

A

Periosteum

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21
Q

Are bone forming cells

A

Osteoblasts

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22
Q

Are bone destroying cells

A

Osteoclasts

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23
Q

Are bone stem cells

A

Osteogenic cells

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24
Q

Nerve fibers, nutrient blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels enter the bone via…

A

Nutrient foramina

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25
Q

Is a delicate membrane on internal surfaces of bone that also contain osteoblasts and osteoclasts

A

Endosteum

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26
Q

Covers compacts bone on the outside

A

Periosteum

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27
Q

Covers spongy bone within

A

Endosteum

28
Q

Spongy bone is called what is flat bones

A

Diploe

29
Q

Red marrow cavities of adults are located

A

In trabecular cavities of the headed of the femur and humerus. Trabecular cavities of the diploe of flat bones

30
Q

Red marrow of newborn infants is located in

A

Medullary cavities and all spaces in spongy bone

31
Q

Are stem cells in periosteum and endosteum that give rise to osteoblasts

A

Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells

32
Q

Part of bone that contains blood vessels and nerves

A

Central (Haversian) canals

33
Q

Are weight-bearing, column like matrix tubes

A

Lamellae

34
Q

Are at right angles to central canal and connects blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum and central canal

A

Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals

35
Q

Are small cavities that contain osteocytes

A

Lacunae

36
Q

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

A

Canaliculi

37
Q

Part of spongy bone that align along lines of stress, have no osteons, contain irregularly arranged lamellae, osteocytes, and canaliculi; capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients

A

Trabeculae

38
Q

An organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts

A

Osteoid

39
Q

Inorganic part of bone, 65% of bone by mass, mainly calcium phosphate crystals, responsible for hardness and resistance to compression

A

Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)

40
Q

The process of bone tissue formation

A

Osteogenesis (ossification)

41
Q

The stages of osteogenesis are

A
  1. Bone formation
  2. Postnatal bone growth
  3. Bone remodeling and repair
42
Q

What type of cartilages contain no blood vessels or nerves

A

Skeletal cartilages

43
Q

Membrane bone develops from fibrous membrane and forms flat bones

A

Intramembranous ossification

44
Q

Cartilage (endochondral) bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage and forms most of the rest of the skeleton

A

Endochondral ossification

45
Q

Uses hyaline cartilage models and requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification

A

Endochondral ossification

46
Q

Increase length of long bones is called

A

Interstitial growth

47
Q

Increase thickness and remodeling of all bones by osteoblasts and osteoclasts on bone surfaces is

A

Apposition all growth

48
Q

Epiphyseal plate cartilage organizes into four important functional zones…

A
  1. Proliferation(growth)
  2. Hypertrophic
  3. Calcification
  4. Ossification (osteogenic)
49
Q

What stimulates epiphyseal plate activity

A

Growth hormone

50
Q

What modulates activity of growth hormone

A

Thyroid hormone

51
Q

What promotes adolescent growth spurts and ends growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure

A

Testosterone and estrogens

52
Q

Occurs when bone is injured or added strength is needed

A

Bone deposit

53
Q

Sites of new matrix deposit are revealed by the…

A

Osteoid seam and calcification front

54
Q

Is an unmineralized band of matrix

A

Osteoid Seam

55
Q

The abrupt transition zone between the osteoid seam and the older mineralized bone

A

Calcification front

56
Q

Osteoclasts secrete what

A

Lysosomal enzymes and acids

57
Q

What controls continual remodeling of bone

A

Hormonal mechanisms that maintain calcium homestasis In the blood and mechanical and gravitational forces

58
Q

What is necessary for transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, secretion by glands and nerve cells and cell division

A

Calcium

59
Q

A bone grows or remodels itself in response to forces or demands placed upon it

A

Wolff’s Law

60
Q

Stages in healing of a bone fracture are

A
  1. Hematoma forms
  2. Fibrocattilaginous callus forms
  3. Bony callus formation
  4. Bone remodeling
61
Q

What stage in healing of a bone fracture:

Torn blood vessels hemorrhage
Clot forms
Site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed

A

Hematoma forms

62
Q

What stage of healing of bone fracture:

Phagocytic cells clear debris
Osteoblasts begin forming spongy bone
Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to connect bone ends

A

Fibrocartilaginous callus forms

63
Q

What stage of the healing of a bone fracture:

New trabecular form a bony callus

A

Bony callus formation

64
Q

What stage is the healing of a bone fracture:

Final structure resembles original

A

Bone remodeling

65
Q

Childhood Disease that causes bowed legs and other bone deformations

A

Rickets

66
Q

Loss of bone mass-bone resorption outpaces deposit, spongy bone of spine and neck of femur become most susceptible to fracture

A

Osteoporosis

67
Q

Excessive and haphazard bone formation and breakdown, usually in spine, pelvis, femur, or skull. Has very high ratio of spongy bone to compact bone and reduced mineralization

A

Paget’s disease

Bio 137 (3 decks)

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