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Anatomy > Chapter 6: Bones > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of bones?

A

support, storage, blood cell production, protection and leverage

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2
Q

how do bones support

A

framework for attachment of all kinds of softer tissus

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3
Q

what do bones store

A

minerals and lipids

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4
Q

What do bones produce and where?

A

blood cell production of all red blood cells and WBCs originate from stem cells in red bone marrow

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5
Q

define hematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells

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6
Q

How do bones protect

A

skull bones protect the brain
vertebrae protects spinal cord
ribs protect the heart and lungs
pelvis protects repro and digestive organs

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7
Q

What is leverage of bones?

A

bones acts as lever to go along with muscle contractions to allow movement

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8
Q

Give examples of long bone

A

arms, legs, hands, feet fingers and toes

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9
Q

What are flat bones

A

bones of teh sull cap, sternum, scapulae (shoulder blade)

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10
Q

purpose of flat bones

A

protection; extensive area for muscle attachment

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11
Q

What is sutural bone

A

small, flat, irregularly shaped immovable join between flat bone of the skull= sutures

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12
Q

define irregular bone

A

specialized and unique with complex shapes

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13
Q

examples of irregular bones

A

vertebrae, hipbones, several skull and facial bones

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14
Q

define short bones

A

small and boxy bones

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15
Q

give examples of short bones and where they are found

A

carpals- wrist bones; 8 in each wrist
Tarsals: ankle bones; 7 in each anle

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16
Q

Define sesamoid bones

A

develop inside tendons; assosciated with joins in hands, feet and knees

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17
Q

How many locations of sesamoid bones are there?

A

26 locations but varies among people

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18
Q

Give an example of a sesamoid bone

A

patella

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19
Q

Define articulation

A

a joint; where two bones come together

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20
Q

define arthritis

A

inflammation of joints

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21
Q

define process

A

any projection or bump

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22
Q

Name 4 processes where tendons and ligaments attach

A

trochanter, tibercle, spine and chest

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23
Q

define trochanter

A

a large rough process

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24
Q

define tubercle

A

a small rounded projection

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25
Q

define spine

A

pointed process

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26
Q

define crest

A

a prominent ridge

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27
Q

Name 3 processes for articulation with other bones

A

head (epiphysis), facet, condyle

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28
Q

define head (epiphysis)

A

expanded and separated from the shaft (diaphysis)by a neck (metaphysics)

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29
Q

define facet

A

small, flat articular surface (like on a gemstone)

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30
Q

Define condyle

A

smooth, rounded articular process

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31
Q

Name 2 depressions

A

fossa, sulcus

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32
Q

define fossa

A

shallow depression

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33
Q

define sulcus

A

narrow groove

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34
Q

Name 3 openings

A

foramen, fissure, sinus

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35
Q

Define foramen

A

rounded passageway for blood vessels and/or nerves

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36
Q

e.g. of foramen

A

foramen magnum- where the spinal cord emergences at the base of the skull

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37
Q

define fissure

A

long cleft (like a crack)

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38
Q

define sinus

A

a chamber w/in a bone, nomrally filled with air

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39
Q

What is the outside of the bone made of?

A

compact bone tissue

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40
Q

What is inside the diaphysis of the long bone?

A

marrow cavity and it has yellow marrow

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41
Q

What is inside the epiphyses of the long bone?

A

spongy bone

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42
Q

What does spongy bone contain?

A

trabeculae- branched network of short bone pieces
spaces b/w the trabeculae is red marrow

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43
Q

What is the 2 bone that spongy bone is made of?

A

trabecular bone and cancellous bone

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44
Q

What is the general set up for bones?

A

compact bone around the outside
spongy bone on the inside
marrow cavity- space with fat

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45
Q

What is the set up of flat bones?

A

spongy bone between two compact bones

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46
Q

Define bone matrix

A

very dense and has minerals

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47
Q

define osteocytes

A

(bone cells) exists in small places within the matric called launae - organized circular layers that surround blood vessels

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48
Q

Define caniliculi

A

narrow passageway that connects lacunae to blood vessels and to each other

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49
Q

Define periosteum

A

mostly dense irregular CT

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50
Q

Where is periosteum not covering?

A

at joints

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51
Q

How much of the bone mass of the bone matrix is cells?

A

2 %

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52
Q

What is 1/3 of the weight of bones?

A

collagen fibers–> stronger than steel when subjected to tension

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53
Q

what is 2/3 the weight of bones?

A

hydroxyapatite crystals- the minerals in bones

54
Q

what does the combination of collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite create?

A

strong flexible and highly resistant to shattering material

55
Q

define osteocytes

A

mature bone cells in lacunae

56
Q

define lamellae

A

lacunae in circular layers of bone matrix
have long thin cytoplasmic extensions that are contained within canaliculi

57
Q

function of lamellae

A

signal other bone cells to build and dissolve bone matrix
participate in bone repair if fractures

58
Q

define the function of osteoblasts

A

produce new bone matric- osteogenesis(immature)
mature to osteocytes

59
Q

define the function of osteoclasts

A

dissolve bone matrix and releases minerals back into blood circulation–> osteolysis

60
Q

Describe osteoclasts

A

giant cells with 50 or more nuclei
related to macrophages

61
Q

define osteoprogenitor cells

A

mesenchymal stem cells- divide to produce osteoblasts
assist in fracture repair

62
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells located?

A

in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum & endosteum

63
Q

define endosteum

A

lines surfaces inside fo bones

64
Q

Effect of minerals as bone matrix is added or subtracted

A

minerals are added when bone matrix s added
minerals are subtracted when bone matrix is dissolved

65
Q

What stimulates osteoblasts to build bone matrix?

A

excercise- weight bearing excercise puts stress on bones–> needed

66
Q

define bone resorpbtion

A

same as osteolysis

67
Q

what is compact bone tissue made out of?

A

haverian systems/ osteons= consists of several lamelae surrounding a haversian canal aka central canal- contains blood vessels

68
Q

Define lamella

A

circular layer of bone matrix; containing lacunae interconnected by canaliculi

69
Q

define lacunae

A

contains osteocytes and the canaliculi contains cytoplasmic extensions of the osteocytes

70
Q

Describe spongy bone tissue structure

A

more light-weighted than compact bone & able to withstand stresses from many directions

71
Q

what does spongy bone tissue not have?

A

haversians/osteons; has concentric lamellae
no central canal or blood vessels

72
Q

How does spongy bone tissue get its nutrients?

A

by diffusion from the surrounding bone marrow through canaliculi that open on the surface of the trabeculae

73
Q

Describe periosteum

A

has a fibrous outer layer and dense irregular CT and a cellular inner layer

74
Q

Name 3 functions of periosteum

A

separates bone from surrounding tissue
a route for circulation and nerve supply to the bone
bone growth and repair

75
Q

what is on the endosteum?

A

osteogentitor cells

76
Q

what does the endosteum line and cover?

A

marrow cavities, trabeculae, and lines haversian canals

77
Q

define cartilage models

A

serve as templates for future bones

78
Q

when does bone formation start and complete

A

6 weeks after fertilization and until early adulthood

79
Q

Two types of ossification

A

endochondral ossification
intramembranous ossification

80
Q

define endochondral ossification

A

starting with cartilage

81
Q

define intramembanous ossification

A

starting with a fibrous CT

82
Q

know steps of endochondral ossification

A
83
Q

define articular cartilage

A

a thin layer of the original cartilage
cushions the end of bones in joints

84
Q

define epiphyseal cartilage

A

separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis at metaphysics aka growth plate

85
Q

describe the process of bone lengthening

A
  1. growth of epiphyseal cartilage
    2., epiphysis gets pushed away from diaphysis
  2. epiphysis side of the growth plate grows, diaphysis side gets ossified
  3. growth hormone, sex hormones and thyroid hormones triggers fat bone growth - formation fo bone takes over growth plate- growth stops
  4. if epiphyseal cartilage is present- still growing
  5. ossification fo growth plate- visible line in the area is present=epiphyseal line
86
Q

define late bloomers

A

kids that spend more time in child phase of growth and ends up being taller than if they have puberty earluer

87
Q

define appositional growth

A

bones increase in diamter
- stems in the inner layer of periosteum differentiate into osteoblasts which add layers of circumferential lamellae around the outside of the bone

88
Q

e.g of bone that does intramembranous ossification

A

dermal bones;
flat bones of the sull, mandible clavicles, scapulae, hip bones

89
Q

know steps of intramembranous ossification

A
90
Q

process of remodeling

A

minerals get released from the bone into circulation
minerals are deposited into the bone=shape and internal architecture fo bones are changed

91
Q

how often does the skeleton get replaced in young adults?

A

1/5th of the skeleton

92
Q

issue when heavy metals are in bones

A

not an issue in bones but if blood can cause problems

93
Q

radioactive elements in storage of bones

A

cancer

94
Q

How does excerise help?

A

hydroxyapatite crystals in bones develop a small electrical charge when subjected to stress such as exercise resulting in the stimulation of osteoblasts so bones gets stronger in places where there is stress
osteoblasts slow down without exercise

95
Q

does electricity or stress affect osteoclasts?

A

no

96
Q

what happens to the bumps and ridges and tubercles

A

they get longer to withstand forces due to exercise

97
Q

define atrophy

A

bones lose bone mass; reduction in size of a cell, tissue or organ

98
Q

How much mass does unstressed bones lose?

A

1/3 of mass

99
Q

e.g. of unstressed bones

A

paralyzed, bedridden, astronauts in zero gravity

100
Q

what happens to unstressed bones

A

lack of calcium and minerals
bones aren’t doing mineral storage function

101
Q

e.g of food sources for calcium and phosphorous

A

milk, cheese, dairy

102
Q

function of vitamin c

A

essential for collagen syntheiss and osteoblast differentiation–> specialized and comes into its final form; present in diet

103
Q

e.g. of foods with vitamin c

A

citrus fruits

104
Q

scury disease

A

vitamin c deficiency; teeth fall otu

105
Q

function of vitamin D

A

essential for calcium and phosphorous absorption

106
Q

define rickets

A

children deprived of vitamin d; bone don’t develop normally; poorly mineralized flexible bones; bowed legs

107
Q

define osteomalacia

A

adults deprived of vitamin d;bones get weaker

108
Q

define calcitriol

A

hormone that stiumlates the absorption of calcium and other minerals; absorption from the intestine nd into blood

109
Q

What creates calcitriol and out of what?

A

kidneys; out of modified vitamin D molecules

110
Q

Where does the growth hormone come from?

A

pituitary gland

111
Q

Where does the thyroid hormone come from and function?

A

thyroid gland
essential for normal bone growth throughout childhood

112
Q

What influences a period of fast bone growth?

A

effects of GH and thyroid hormones combine with the effects of sex hormones (estrogens and androgens) and epiphseal closure

113
Q

Define calcitonin?

A

tones down calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts & promotes calcium loss by the kidneys through the urine

114
Q

What is calcitonin secreted by?

A

thyroid gland

115
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

raises blood calcium levels through stimulating osteoclasts, decreases rate of calcium excretion by kidney, promotes the synthesis of calcitriol

116
Q

What are the 3 things that must remain during a fracture?

A

blood supply to bone, stems in periosteum and endosteum

117
Q

What is the first step of fracture repair

A

fracture hematoma: a large blood clot that steops the bleeding but disrupts blood flow and results in some dead bone tissue around the fracture

118
Q

What is the second step of fracture repair?

A

cells of endosteum and periosteum divide rapidly
–> results in the formation of internal and external callus

119
Q

define a callus

A

made of cartilage and seal over the fracture around the outside and inside of the bone

120
Q

What is the 3rd step fo fracture repair?

A

osteoblasts replace the cartilage with spongy bone (cast can be removed about now)

121
Q

what will new bone tissue always be ?

A

spongy bone

122
Q

What is the 4th step of fracture repair?

A

Osteoclasts & osteoblasts remodel the area, turning the spongy bone into compact bone (several month)

123
Q

why will the fracture not occur in the same spot again?

A

can’t break bone in the previously broken spot, maybe different spot

124
Q

What is a closed or simple fracture?

A

no break in skin

125
Q

What are open or compound fracture?

A

broken bone projects through
risk of excessive bleeding and bad infection

126
Q

What is a communited fracture?

A

shattering of a bone

127
Q

What is a Transverse
fracture?

A

the break is at a right angle to the long axis of the bone

128
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

one side of the bone breaks, while the other side bends; seen in children

129
Q

define osteopenia

A

age related reduction is bone mass due to reduction is osteoblast activity while osteoclast activity remains the same

130
Q

What is commonly affected by osteopenia?

A

epiphyses, vertebrae, and jaws
fragile limbs, reduced height and loss of teeth

131
Q

Define osteoporosis

A

reduction is bone mass so severe that is compromises normal function

132
Q

What is the vicious cycle

A

bones broken are typically hip bones, reduction in activity, further bone loss, bones even more easily broken

Anatomy (8 decks)

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