Chapter 1- Introduction to A &P Flashcards
What are the 2 types of metabolism?
Anabolism and Catabolism
define anabolism
building bigger molecules out of smaller ones
Examples of anabolism
anabolic steroids; making proteins from amino acids
Define catabolism
breaking bigger molecules out of smaller ones
examples of catabolism
salivary amylose- carbs–> sugar
breaks down amylase
Define metabolism
all chemical reactions in the body
Metabolism & glucose relationship
glucose-> energy-> ATP
or could fats-> long term
depends on the body if glucose is burned or stored
What is the effect of the body´s ability to convert glucose to ATP and using it?
Losing and gaining weight
What happens to the body’s ability to convert glucose to ATP when it is growing older?
The less efficient the body is at storing ATP- stores fat & gain weight
What are the levels of structural organization in order?
chemicals-cells- tissues- organs- organ system- organism
define anatomy
the study of the shape and structure of body parts
Define gross anatomy
- visible to the eye; macroscopic anatomy
- large visible structures
Define surface anatomy
- exterior features of the body
Define Systemic Anatomy & give an example
body system
eg. digestive
Define Regional Anatomy & give and example
body areas
eg. abdominal anatomy
Define developmental anatomy
changes throughout life: conception - death
define clinical anatomy
-anatomy in a medical setting (hospital, Dr. office)
- knowledge of what’s normal and not for specialties
define microscopic anatomy
examines stuff like tissues, cells, proteins and molecules
define Physiology
the branch of biological science that studies and describes how body parts work of function
Define organ physiology
functions of specific organs
define Systemic physiology
functions of specific organ system
define pathological physiology
how diseases are effecting you bodu
What are the organs of the lymphatic system?
spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and tonsils, white blood cells, lymph
What does the lymphatic system do?
-defends against infection & disease
- returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
checking for pathogens and injuries
What are the organs of the endocrine system?
pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, and endocrine tissue
What does it mean when the lymph nodes are swollen?
white blood cells are righting infection
Where are white blood cells made?
bone marrow
what cells does the thymus gland have?
t- cells
Define homeostasis
stable internal environment
- all body systems working together for a stable internal environment
- healthy range
Examples of homeostasis
body temp, blood sugar, K +. Ca, O2, CO2, fluid & electrolyte balance, blood pressure
What roles do body stems have in homeostasis?
respond to change
What would happen if homeostasis is not maintained?
death and illness
What are the 2 basic mechanism of homeostasis regulation?
autoregulation/ intrinsic regulation
- extrinsic regulation
define autoregulation/ intrinsic regulation
automatic response of a cell, tissue or organ to some environmental change (body environment)
ex. of autoregulation/ intrinsic regulation in tissues
tissue: low O2 levels –? blood vessels in tissue dilate -> has smooth muscle tissue (constriction & dilation) more blood flow = high O2
Can capillaries dilate
No
Define extrinsic regulation
response controlled by Nervous/ Endocrine system
ex. of extrinsic regulation w/ excercise
excercise -> Nervous system signals for blood flow to muscle & decrease other organs blood supply
What is the difference between endocrine and nervous system signals?
endocrine- slow
nervous- fast
Define receptor
recieves a stimulus ( anything the body can detect)
define control center
recieves info from receptor and sends out commands to the effector
- aka integration center- puts it together
Afferent
pathway going to the nervous system
efferent
pathway going AWAY from the nervous system
Define Negative feedback
stop; effector gets rid of stimululs
Define positive feeback
encourage
response of the effector increases the size of the stimulus
Ex of positive feeback
blood clotting or labor contractions-> loop stops when mission is done
- speeds up processors
What is the difference between signs and symptoms?
Symptoms are subjective and are said by the patient. It is not something that is detectable or measurable.
Signs are objective. It is something that can be seen physically.
How do sweat glands cools a person down?
Evaporation= heat- exists the body through evaporation which leaves sweat on the surface of the skin
sweat absorbs heat from the body- turns into vapor and drifts away taking the heat w/ it
EVAPORATIVE COOLING
How do dogs cool down?
By panting to cool from the mouth
How do honeybees cool down?
attaches water to hives and flaps their wings to cool it down
Why does an overheated person’s face look more red?
blood vessels in the skin dilate; flow close to the skin
Why are elderly people sensitive to the cold?
reduced blood flow to the skin w/ old age; temp sensors in skin send flawed info to brain; so brain makes wrong conclusions and body temp is low
What provides new cells for growth and repair?
reproduction
What occurs when constructive activities occur at a faster rate than destructive activities?
growth
sagittal plane
separates left from right
front plane
separates anterior from posterior
transverse plane
separates superior from inferior
lateral
away from center line; by the sides
medial
toward the center line
proximal
toward an attached point
distal
away from attached base
Define cross section
slice perpendicular to the long axis
Functions of body cavity
provides protection for organs
permit size & shape changes of internal organs
What is another name for ventral body cavity?
coelum (see-lum)
What is the ventral cavity divided up by?
Thoracic cavity/diaphragm/ abdominopelvic cavity
What is the diaphragm?
large muscle attached below the ribs- moves down- inhalation
main muscle that powers breathing
define thoracic cavity
chest cavity; above the diaphragm
What is in the thoracic cavity?
The left and right pleural cavity
Mediastinum
Define left and right pleural cavity
each one contains a lung
Define mediastinum
area b/w the lungs not a cavity
Solid material
Contains: large blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and pericardial cavity- lung
define abdominal cavity
from the diaphragm to the top of the hip bones
contains digestive organs
define pelvic cavity
b/w the two hip bones
contains repro organs , rectum, last section of large intestine, bladder
define viscera
organs of the ventral cavity
define serous membrane
line the body cavity & viscera ( shiny and slippery)
- minimizes friction when moving
define Dorsal Body Cavity
brain & spinal cord (CNS)
define cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
circulates throughout the Dorsal body cavity
What are the two parts for the Dorsal body cavity?
cranial cavity and spinal cavity
define the cranial cavity
cranium, protects the brain
define the spinal cavity
made of vertebrae protects the spinal
What is essential for the normal operation of the respiratory system and breathing?
atmospheric pressure
What is required for the release of energy from foods
oxygen
What is the variable in this situation when too high or low, physiological activities cease, primarily because molecules are destroyed or become nonfunctional?
Appropriate body temperature
