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Anatomy > Chapter 1- Introduction to A &P > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Introduction to A &P Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of metabolism?

A

Anabolism and Catabolism

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2
Q

define anabolism

A

building bigger molecules out of smaller ones

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3
Q

Examples of anabolism

A

anabolic steroids; making proteins from amino acids

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4
Q

Define catabolism

A

breaking bigger molecules out of smaller ones

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5
Q

examples of catabolism

A

salivary amylose- carbs–> sugar
breaks down amylase

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6
Q

Define metabolism

A

all chemical reactions in the body

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7
Q

Metabolism & glucose relationship

A

glucose-> energy-> ATP
or could fats-> long term
depends on the body if glucose is burned or stored

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8
Q

What is the effect of the body´s ability to convert glucose to ATP and using it?

A

Losing and gaining weight

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9
Q

What happens to the body’s ability to convert glucose to ATP when it is growing older?

A

The less efficient the body is at storing ATP- stores fat & gain weight

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10
Q

What are the levels of structural organization in order?

A

chemicals-cells- tissues- organs- organ system- organism

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11
Q

define anatomy

A

the study of the shape and structure of body parts

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12
Q

Define gross anatomy

A
  • visible to the eye; macroscopic anatomy
  • large visible structures
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13
Q

Define surface anatomy

A
  • exterior features of the body
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14
Q

Define Systemic Anatomy & give an example

A

body system
eg. digestive

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15
Q

Define Regional Anatomy & give and example

A

body areas
eg. abdominal anatomy

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16
Q

Define developmental anatomy

A

changes throughout life: conception - death

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17
Q

define clinical anatomy

A

-anatomy in a medical setting (hospital, Dr. office)
- knowledge of what’s normal and not for specialties

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18
Q

define microscopic anatomy

A

examines stuff like tissues, cells, proteins and molecules

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19
Q

define Physiology

A

the branch of biological science that studies and describes how body parts work of function

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20
Q

Define organ physiology

A

functions of specific organs

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21
Q

define Systemic physiology

A

functions of specific organ system

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22
Q

define pathological physiology

A

how diseases are effecting you bodu

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23
Q

What are the organs of the lymphatic system?

A

spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and tonsils, white blood cells, lymph

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24
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

-defends against infection & disease
- returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
checking for pathogens and injuries

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25
Q

What are the organs of the endocrine system?

A

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, and endocrine tissue

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26
Q

What does it mean when the lymph nodes are swollen?

A

white blood cells are righting infection

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27
Q

Where are white blood cells made?

A

bone marrow

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28
Q

what cells does the thymus gland have?

A

t- cells

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29
Q

Define homeostasis

A

stable internal environment
- all body systems working together for a stable internal environment
- healthy range

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30
Q

Examples of homeostasis

A

body temp, blood sugar, K +. Ca, O2, CO2, fluid & electrolyte balance, blood pressure

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31
Q

What roles do body stems have in homeostasis?

A

respond to change

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32
Q

What would happen if homeostasis is not maintained?

A

death and illness

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33
Q

What are the 2 basic mechanism of homeostasis regulation?

A

autoregulation/ intrinsic regulation
- extrinsic regulation

34
Q

define autoregulation/ intrinsic regulation

A

automatic response of a cell, tissue or organ to some environmental change (body environment)

35
Q

ex. of autoregulation/ intrinsic regulation in tissues

A

tissue: low O2 levels –? blood vessels in tissue dilate -> has smooth muscle tissue (constriction & dilation) more blood flow = high O2

36
Q

Can capillaries dilate

A

No

37
Q

Define extrinsic regulation

A

response controlled by Nervous/ Endocrine system

38
Q

ex. of extrinsic regulation w/ excercise

A

excercise -> Nervous system signals for blood flow to muscle & decrease other organs blood supply

39
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and nervous system signals?

A

endocrine- slow
nervous- fast

40
Q

Define receptor

A

recieves a stimulus ( anything the body can detect)

41
Q

define control center

A

recieves info from receptor and sends out commands to the effector
- aka integration center- puts it together

42
Q

Afferent

A

pathway going to the nervous system

43
Q

efferent

A

pathway going AWAY from the nervous system

44
Q

Define Negative feedback

A

stop; effector gets rid of stimululs

45
Q

Define positive feeback

A

encourage
response of the effector increases the size of the stimulus

46
Q

Ex of positive feeback

A

blood clotting or labor contractions-> loop stops when mission is done
- speeds up processors

47
Q

What is the difference between signs and symptoms?

A

Symptoms are subjective and are said by the patient. It is not something that is detectable or measurable.
Signs are objective. It is something that can be seen physically.

48
Q

How do sweat glands cools a person down?

A

Evaporation= heat- exists the body through evaporation which leaves sweat on the surface of the skin
sweat absorbs heat from the body- turns into vapor and drifts away taking the heat w/ it
EVAPORATIVE COOLING

49
Q

How do dogs cool down?

A

By panting to cool from the mouth

50
Q

How do honeybees cool down?

A

attaches water to hives and flaps their wings to cool it down

51
Q

Why does an overheated person’s face look more red?

A

blood vessels in the skin dilate; flow close to the skin

52
Q

Why are elderly people sensitive to the cold?

A

reduced blood flow to the skin w/ old age; temp sensors in skin send flawed info to brain; so brain makes wrong conclusions and body temp is low

53
Q

What provides new cells for growth and repair?

A

reproduction

54
Q

What occurs when constructive activities occur at a faster rate than destructive activities?

A

growth

55
Q

sagittal plane

A

separates left from right

56
Q

front plane

A

separates anterior from posterior

57
Q

transverse plane

A

separates superior from inferior

58
Q

lateral

A

away from center line; by the sides

59
Q

medial

A

toward the center line

60
Q

proximal

A

toward an attached point

61
Q

distal

A

away from attached base

62
Q

Define cross section

A

slice perpendicular to the long axis

63
Q

Functions of body cavity

A

provides protection for organs
permit size & shape changes of internal organs

64
Q

What is another name for ventral body cavity?

A

coelum (see-lum)

65
Q

What is the ventral cavity divided up by?

A

Thoracic cavity/diaphragm/ abdominopelvic cavity

66
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

large muscle attached below the ribs- moves down- inhalation
main muscle that powers breathing

67
Q

define thoracic cavity

A

chest cavity; above the diaphragm

68
Q

What is in the thoracic cavity?

A

The left and right pleural cavity
Mediastinum

69
Q

Define left and right pleural cavity

A

each one contains a lung

70
Q

Define mediastinum

A

area b/w the lungs not a cavity
Solid material
Contains: large blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and pericardial cavity- lung

71
Q

define abdominal cavity

A

from the diaphragm to the top of the hip bones
contains digestive organs

72
Q

define pelvic cavity

A

b/w the two hip bones
contains repro organs , rectum, last section of large intestine, bladder

73
Q

define viscera

A

organs of the ventral cavity

74
Q

define serous membrane

A

line the body cavity & viscera ( shiny and slippery)
- minimizes friction when moving

75
Q

define Dorsal Body Cavity

A

brain & spinal cord (CNS)

76
Q

define cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

circulates throughout the Dorsal body cavity

77
Q

What are the two parts for the Dorsal body cavity?

A

cranial cavity and spinal cavity

78
Q

define the cranial cavity

A

cranium, protects the brain

79
Q

define the spinal cavity

A

made of vertebrae protects the spinal

80
Q

What is essential for the normal operation of the respiratory system and breathing?

A

atmospheric pressure

81
Q

What is required for the release of energy from foods

A

oxygen

82
Q

What is the variable in this situation when too high or low, physiological activities cease, primarily because molecules are destroyed or become nonfunctional?

A

Appropriate body temperature

Anatomy (8 decks)

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