Chapter 6: Aversive Control of Behavior

Question 1

An event or stimulus that an organism escapes or avoids.

Answer 1

Aversive stimulus

Question 2

The use of punishment and the threat of punishment to get other to act as we would like, and to our practice of rewarding people just by letting them escape from our punishment and threats.

Answer 2

Coercion

Question 3

An event or stimulus that functions as an aversive stimulus due to a history of conditioning.

Answer 3

Conditioned aversive stimulus (S^ave)

Question 4

Avoidance behavior that is emitted in the presence of a warning stimulus

Answer 4

Discriminated avoidance

Question 5

The extent to which experimental findings generalize to other behaviors, settings, reinforcers, and populations.

Answer 5

External validity

Question 6

A retardation in the acquisition of escape and avoidance behavior produced by a history in which responding during aversive stimuli has had no consequences.

Answer 6

Learned helplessness

Question 7

A contingency that involves the removal of an event or stimulus following behavior that has the effect of decreasing the rate of response.

Answer 7

Negative punishment

Question 8

A contingency where an ongoing stimulus or event is removed (or prevented) by some response (operant) and the rate of response increases.

Answer 8

Negative reinforcement

Question 9

Any event or stimulus that increases the probability (rate of occurrence) of an operant that removes or prevents it.

Answer 9

Negative reinforcer

Question 10

A procedure used to train avoidance responding in which no warning stimulus is presented.

Answer 10

Nondiscriminated avoidance

Question 11

A positive punishment procedure that uses “restitution” to reduce or eliminate destructive or aggressive behavior.

Answer 11

Overcorrection

Question 12

A procedure that involves the presentation of an event or stimulus following a response that has the effect of decreasing the rate of response.

Answer 12

Positive punishment

Question 13

An aversive stimulus that has acquired its properties as a function of species history.

Answer 13

Primary aversive stimulus

Question 14

A stimulus that decreases the frequency of an operant that produces it.

Answer 14

Punisher

Question 15

Aggression elicited by the presentation of an aversive stimulus or event.

Answer 15

Reflexive aggression

Question 16

A negative punishment procedure in which conditioned reinforcers (tokens) are removed contingent on behavior, and the behavior decreases.

Answer 16

Response cost

Question 17

On an avoidance schedule, the time from a response that postpones shock to the onset of the aversive stimulus, assuming that another response does not occur.

Answer 17

Response-shock interval

Question 18

A negative side effect of punishment in which the person who delivers punishment and the context become conditioned aversive stimuli.

Answer 18

Social disruption

Question 19

Negative reinforcement of behavior that terminates, prevents, or postpones the avoidance contingencies of work or life.

Answer 19

Timeout (from avoidance)

Question 20

A negative punishment procedure in which positive reinforcers are removed from the environment contingent upon undesirable behavior.

Answer 20

Timeout (from positive reinforcement)