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EXCI 252: INTRO TO PHYS ACT > Chapter 6: Assessing Muscular Fitnesss > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Assessing Muscular Fitnesss Flashcards

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1
Q

what do adequate levels of muscukar fitness less the chance of developping>

A

low back probs
osteroportic fracures
musculoskeletal

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2
Q

what are the 3 components of ASCM (2018) current def of muscular fitness

A

muscular endurance
muscular strength
muscular power

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3
Q

true or false: muscular power is not included along with muscular strengh and endurance

A

false

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4
Q

what is the general definition of muscular endurance

A

is the ability of a muscle group to exert submaximal force repeatedly, or sustain a static contraction without fatigue.

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5
Q

define “static muscular endurance”

A

is the ability of a muscle group to maintain a specific % of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) for a prolonged period of time.

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6
Q

define “dynamic” muscualr endurance

A

is the ability of a muscle group to execute repeated contractions over a period of time sufficient to cause muscular fatigue.

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7
Q

what are the 2 defenitions of the muscular strength

A

is the maximal force generated in a single contraction at a specified velocity.

is the ability of a muscle group to develop maximal contractile force against a resistance in a single contraction.

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8
Q

true or false: is the peak force or torque developed during a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC).
is the definiton for muscular endurance

A

false, for musc strength

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9
Q

true or false: muscular power is a skill relatted component of fitness

A

true

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10
Q

what are the definition of muscular power

A

is the muscle’s ability to exert force per unit of time.

is the ability to exert force rapidly.

is the rate at which mechanical work is performed.

is the maximal amount of force one can exert in the least amount of time.

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11
Q

what are the 2 types of muscle action

A

isometric/static action

dynamic muscle action

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12
Q

what is the defintion of isometric muscle strenfgth

A

same muscle length.

no visible movement of the joint.

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13
Q

what is the definition of dynamic muscle action

A

muscle length changes.

visible joint movement.

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14
Q

what are the 3 subtypes of dynamic muscle action

A

auxotonic, isokinetic, or variable resistance.

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15
Q

isotonic is the corect term used to decribe msucle action when lifting free wirghts

A

false, AUXOTONIC should be the correct tern

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16
Q

define isotonic muscle action

A

the tension produced by a muscle group during free weight exercise fluctuates greatly even though the resistance is constant throughout the range of motion (ROM).

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17
Q

what is the defintion of auxotonic muscle action

A

is defined as variable muscle tensions caused by changing velocities & joint angles.

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18
Q

what is the CORRECT TERM for describing the muscle action when lifting free weights or performing resistance exercise with a constant resistance exercise machine.

A

AUXOTONIC MUSCLE ACTION

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19
Q

true or false: auxtonic can only be concentric>

A

false, concentric or eccentric

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20
Q

what is the defintnion of concentric muscle action and give an example

A

resistance < force produced by muscle group.

muscle shortens during tension development.

e.g., weight is lifted.

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21
Q

what is the defintion of eccentric muscle action

A

resistance > force produced by muscle group.

muscle lengthens during tension development.

resist gravity.
braking force to decelerate rapidly moving body segments.

e.g., weight is lowered.

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22
Q

what has a greater risk of injury, concentric or eccentric

A

eccentric

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23
Q

in concentric muscle action, restistance is BLANK than force

A

less than force

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24
Q

in eccentric muscle action, resistance is BLANK than force

A

greather than force

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25
Q

true or false: knee flexors are stronger at 40 degrees of flexion

A

false, greatest fron 160-170

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26
Q

what are the two ways of doing auxontnic muscle action>

A

free weights and constant resistance exercise machine

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27
Q

what is isokinetic muscle action

A

a maximal contraction of a muscle group at a constant velocity throughout the entire range of joint motion.

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28
Q

true or false and explain:

isokinetic muscle action can be done using free weights?

A

false

can only be performed on an isokinetic-resistance exercise machine called an isokinetic dynamometer.

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29
Q

what are the 3 purposes of fstrenght and muscular endurance assesment

A

1) Establish baseline values before training.
2) Monitor progress during training.

3) Assess the overall effectiveness of:
resistance training &
exercise rehabilitation programs.

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30
Q

Tests that Assess Strength & Muscular Endurance are Specific to the:

A
  • muscle being tested
  • type of muscle action (static/dynamic)
  • veloicty (slow or fast)
  • type of test (strength or endurance)
  • type of equip (free wights, CREM, variable resistance, isokineit cmachiens)
  • joints ROM (static or dynamic)
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31
Q

what are the 2 ways we can express muscular strength and the units

A

Absolute Muscular Strength
= MVC in Newtons or kg.

Relative Muscular Strength
= MVC / Body Mass.

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32
Q

what are the differet ways to test isometic muscle testing

A

-Spring-Loaded Dynamometers
(Handgrip Dynamometer Back & Leg Dynamometer)

Hydraulic Dynamometers

Cable Tensiometers

Digital Handheld Dynamometer

Clinical Methods

Load Cells (Strain Gauges)

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33
Q

define isometric muscular strength

A

is measured as the maximum force exerted in a single contraction against an immovable resistance (i.e., maximum voluntary contraction, or MVC).

is the maximal force produced by a muscle group when the limb is not rotating (zero velocity).

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34
Q

explain how a spring loaded dynamometer works

A

An external force applied to the dynamometer compresses a steel spring & moves an indicator needle or pointer.

The force required to move the pointer a given distance determines the external force applied to the dynamometer.

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35
Q

what does spring loaded handgrip dynamometry measure

A

Measures forces from 0 to 100 kg in 1.0-kg increments.

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36
Q

what do spring loaded back and leg dynamomter

A

Measures forces from 0 to 1,134 kg in 4.5-kg increments.

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37
Q

what is the grip strength testing procecure for ASHT

A

Seated or stand erect

Shoulder adducted & neutrally rotated

Elbow of test arm is flexed at 90o

Forearm in neutral position

Slight wrist extension
(0 to 30o)

3 trials per hand
Record the mean of 3 trials

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38
Q

what is the grip strength testint protocol for CSEp

A

Stand erect

Arm slightly abducted in a neutral position

Test arm is straight

2 trials per hand, alternating hands

Record maximum score for each hand to the nearest kg

Combine the maximum scores from the left & right hands

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39
Q

what is the leg strength testing procedure for dynamometer

A

Stand on platform

Erect trunk

Flexed knees (130o - 140o)

Pronated grip on hand bar

Slowly exert as much force as possible while extending the knees without using the back

2 or 3 trials

1 min rest between trials
Choose MAX score & convert it to kg

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40
Q

what is the procedure for back strength testing procedures

A

Stand on platform

Head & trunk erect

Knees fully extended

Alternated grip
Rt hand = pronated
Lt hand = supinated

Pull the hand bar straight upward using the back muscles without leaning backward

2 trials
1 min rest between trials
Choose MAX score & convert it to kg

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41
Q

if you want to test maximal force for a grip endurance test , what would you do and how would you get the relative endurance score

A

Squeeze the handle maximally for 1 minute.
Record the initial & final forces.

Relative endurance score =
(Final force / Initial force) x 100

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42
Q

if you want to test submaximal force for a grip endurance test , what would you do and how would you get the relative endurance score

A

Squeeze the handle at a submaximal force for as long as possible.

Relative endurance score = time that the %MVC is maintained.

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43
Q

what are hydraulic dynamometers

A

have a sealed hydraulic system that measures force (lb or kg) on a gauge dial.

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44
Q

true or false: hydraulic dynamomerts are not an alternative to spring loaded dynamometers

A

false, they are

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45
Q

what is an example of hydraulic dynamometer

A

jamar handgrip dynamometer

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46
Q

what test is the gold standard for the dynanometers

A

jamar handgrip

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47
Q

true or false and why: the jamar test may not may not be appropriate to measure isometric strength for individuals with a weak MVC

A

true because because the resolution of the device is too large to detect small changes in strength.

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48
Q

what test is recommended to measure the strength for clients with a weak MCV

A

myogrip dynamomter

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49
Q

true or false: the cable tensiometer measures force in an isokinetic muscle action

A

false, isometric

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50
Q

the cable tensiometer can be used to asses the staatic stregnth of how how many muscle groups

A

38

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51
Q

why is the cable tensiometer advantagous

A

provides the advantage of versatility for recording force measurements at virtually all angles about a specific joint’s ROM.

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52
Q

explain how the cable tensiometer works

A

Increasing the force on the cable depresses the riser over which the cable passes. This deflects the pointer & indicates the subject’s strength score.

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53
Q

what are the intruments you need for cable tensiometer

A 
tensiometer
steel cables
testing table
wall hooks
straps
goniometer
54
Q

what are the 2 things that cable tensiometry can be used for

A

1) assess strength impairment at specific joint angles,

2) monitor progress during rehabilitation.

55
Q

true or false: digital handhelp dynamometry is a is convenient method for measuring the isometric strength of the upper & lower body musculature.

A

true

56
Q

explain how digitital handhelp dynamometry works

A 
provides a digital display of force production to assess the isometric strength of 11 muscle groups 
(ex: Elbow flexors & extensors,
Shoulder extensors & abductors,
Wrist extensors,
Hip flexors, extensors, & abductors,
Knee flexors, extensors, &
Ankle dorsiflexors. )
57
Q

what does digital handheld dynamometry measure

A

Measures force up to a maximum of 1334 newtons (300 lb in 0.1-lb increments).

58
Q

what are the 3 clinical tests to measure the isometric endurance of core muscles used to stabilize the spine

A

v sit test
sorensen test
side bridge test

59
Q

what muscles does v sit test mesure

A

trunk flexors

60
Q

what muscles does the sorensen test test

A

trunk extensors

61
Q

what muscles does the side bridge test assess

A

lateral flexors

62
Q

how high is the bench height for the sorensen test

A

25 cm

63
Q

what is a disadvantage of the side bridge test and how can we adapt

A

some clients terminate the test because of upper extremeity fatigue or pain

do the novel side support test

64
Q

what are the assessments of dynamic muscular strength and endurace

A

1) free weights
2) contasnt resistance exercise machines
3) free motion exercise machines
4) isokinetic resistance exercise machines
5) calisthenic type exrceise tests

65
Q

true or false: variable resistance exercise machines are recommended to test dynamic muscular strength

A

FALSE, IT IS NOT RECOMMENDED

66
Q

WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME for auxotonic dynamic exrecise>

A

dynamic contstant external resistance

67
Q

true or false, during auxotonic dynamic exercise, the muscle group DOES NOT contract maximally rhoughout the ROM

A

true

68
Q

what is a disadvantafe of free weights and constant resistamce exrceise machines>

A

they measure dynamic strength only at the weakest point in the ROM

69
Q

why do free eights and constant resistance exerceise machines only measure dynamic strength only at the weakest point in the rom

A

The resistance cannot be varied to account for fluctuations in muscular force caused by the changing mechanical (angle of muscle pull) & physiological (muscle length) advantage of the musculoskeletal system during the movement.

70
Q

WHAT ARE TEH advantages of CREM compared to free weights

A

CREMs require less neuromuscular coordination to stabilize body parts & maintain balance.

CREMs do not require spotting.

71
Q

what are the disadvantages of CREM in compared to free weights

A

CREMs limit an individual’s ROM & plane of movement.

Some CREMs have relatively large weight plate increments.

Some CREMs cannot accommodate individual’s with short limbs, long limbs, a large body, & large limb circumferences

72
Q

what can we use to test dynamic muscular strength

A 
Force Plates + Linear Transducers
Tendo Weightlifting Analyzer System
Myotest Accelerometer 
1-Repetition Maximum (1-RM)
Estimation of 1-RM
Relative strength: 1-RM / Body Mass
73
Q

what is the function of force plates and linear transducers

A

used to obtain direct measures of muscular force & power.

the gold standard of measuring dynamic muscle strength & power.

74
Q

where are force plates and linear transducers used

A

lab setting

75
Q

what is the tendo weightlifter analyzer system

A

is a linear transducer that can be attached to the end of a barbell.

76
Q

where is tendo weightlifting analyzer system used

A

can be used in a field setting

77
Q

what is the myotest accelerometer and where is it used

A

measures force productuon in 3 diff planes of movements

used in a field setting

78
Q

where is 1 RM used

A

in field setting through trail and eror

79
Q

what are some fucntions of 1 RM

A

rate health status,
estabilish exercise prescrip workloafs
monitor rsesistnace training programs

80
Q

what is the 1RM?

A

is the maximum weight that can be lifted for one complete repetition of the movement with proper technique.

81
Q

what are some of the disadvantages of 1RM

A

time consuming
may be understimated for those with no experience
outside scope of practice of CSEP CPT

82
Q

what are the steps for 1rm testing

A 
Warm-Up Sets
5-10 reps at 40%-60% of estimated 1-RM
Rest 1 min
3-5 reps at 60%-80% of estimated 1-RM
Rest 2 min
Attempt a 1-RM lift
Rest between 1-RM attempts =  2-4 min 
If successful, increase weight conservatively
Upper body:  5%-10%
Lower body:10%-20%
Continue until client fails to complete the 1-RM lift
Typically, the 1-RM is achieved within 3 to 5 trials (attempts).
83
Q

typically 1 rm is acheived withing…

A

3-5 trails

84
Q

for upper body strength, wehre do we use 1rm for muscular strength

A

1 rm bench press

1rm military press

85
Q

for lower body strength, wehre do we use 1rm for muscular strength

A

1 rm leg press
back squat
leg extension

86
Q

what are the test items for relative strength (1 RM/body mass

A

bench press, arm curl, lat pull, leg press, leg extension, leg curl

87
Q

true or false, 1 rm ca nnot be estimated

A

FALSE

88
Q

how can 1 rm be estimated

A 
submaximal muscular endurance test 
(ymca bench press) 
-1 rm prediciton equations
-prediction tables (relative 1rm)
-use avarage number of reps
89
Q

true or false, muscular endurance is NOT directly related to muscular strength

A

false

90
Q

true or false: variable reistance exercise machines provide you with accomodatin resistance

A

true

91
Q

what is the theory behind using variable resistance exercise machines

A

The muscle contracts maximally throughout the entire ROM by varying the resistance to match the exercise strength curve.

92
Q

what does accomodating resistance mean?

A

To develop maximal tension throughout the complete range of motion (ROM) rather than at a particular point (weakest point).

93
Q

where is movement arm for bicep the strongest?

A

90-100 degrees

94
Q

what is the main limitation of auxotonic reistance exercise?

A

the sticking point

95
Q

true or false: variable resistance machines provude more resistance is weaker semgments and less resistance in stonger segments

A

false!! oppositie

96
Q

what do variable exrcise machines use to vary the resistance?

A

CAM

97
Q

what does a CAM do ?

A

is an ellipse connected to the movement arm of the machine on which the cable or belt travels.

provides variable resistance.

changes how heavy the weight feels as the lifter moves through the complete ROM.

98
Q

true or false: the strength of the agonist muscle is the same no matter what angle

A

false, it varies at difference angles

99
Q

what are the limitations of the variable resistance exercise machines

A
  • alot of cams are incorrectly designed
  • the resistance offered by the cams does not mach average strength curves
  • limited use for MAXIMAL strength testing
100
Q

how does the cybex isokinetic dynamometer work

A

maximal muscle tensior through ROM at a constant velocity

101
Q

true or false, speed is not constant in isokinetic dynamoter

A

false, sleep is condange

102
Q

what is The resistance counteracting the individual’s force production is called

A

accommodating resistance.

103
Q

true or false, isokinetic resistance exercise protocols only assess endurance>

A

false, can assess strength, endurance and power

104
Q

what speed must the iso be set at the assess speed

A

30-60 seconds

105
Q

what is the proticol for measuring iso strength

A

2 submax trials

3 max trials

106
Q

what is the meausure for iso strength

A

peak torque

107
Q

what is the speed for iso endurance

A

120-180

108
Q

what is the protocol for endurance iso

A

1 max trials

109
Q

what is the measure for iso endurance

A

of reps until torque reaches 50% initial torque value

110
Q

what is the speed for power iso

A

120-300

111
Q

what is the protocol FOR POWER iso

A

2 submax
3 max
measures peak torque

112
Q

what are some limitations of isokinetic resistance exrcise machine?

A

expensive
lab setting
only angular motion
isokinetic muscle actions do not occur in real life

113
Q

what is the problem with having muscle imbalance

A

compromise joint stab.

increase the risk of musculosketltal injury

114
Q

The strength-to-body-mass (BM) ratio of the upper body should be at least BLANK of lower body relative strength:

A

40%

115
Q

the diff in strength between contralateral muscle groups should not be more than BLANK

A

15%

116
Q

true or false, you can assess muscle imbance rations on the isokinetic dynamometer

A

true

117
Q

what is the definition of moment arm

A

moment arm is the perpendicular distance from the line of action of a force to the fulcrium

118
Q

true or false: the size of the moment arm of a resistave force AND musuclar force changes during the performance of a free weight exercise

A

true

119
Q

does YMCA bemnch press measure dynamic muscular strength

A

no , endurance

120
Q

true or false, calistehnic exercise can test muscular and endurance?

A

true

121
Q

how is dynmaic muscular strength acheived through calthenistcs

A

this is accomplished by determining the max weight, in excess of body mass, that can be lifted for 1 rep of the movement.

122
Q

how can dynamic muscular endurance be tested using calthenis

A

assess dynamic muscular endurance by measuring the max # of reps of a calisthenic exercise performed by an individual

123
Q

for dynamic calistehnic tests we use the plural form of exercises?

A

FALSE, SINGLE

124
Q

how can you modify a pull up if they are unable to perform one

A

modified pull up

flexed arm hand test

125
Q

what are the tests part of the CSEP path test

A 
grip strength
push ups
predicted 1rm
vetical jumpo
back extension
forarm plank
126
Q

what are the contraidinicastions for CSEp grip strength

A

injury to wrist

127
Q

what are the 4 sources of error in testing

A

client factors
equipment
technician skill
environmental factors

128
Q

what are some explanations for client factors being a factor or measurement error

A 
Familiarization with equipment & testing procedures
Weightlifting experience
Lifting technique 
Give a maximal effort
Adequate rest between trials
Restrict drugs & medications
Motivate during testing
129
Q

what are some explanations for cequipment being a factor or measurement error

A

Design of the testing equipment:
Most of the dynamic strength & muscular endurance protocols & norms presented in this chapter were developed using constant-resistance exercise machines.
Calibration of equipment.
Inspection & maintenance of equipment.
Selection of exercise machines that can accommodate
various body dimensions:
limb lengths & body sizes.

130
Q

what are some explanations for technician skill being a factor for error

A 
Qualified
Trained
Knowledgeable:
Proper lifting technique
Spotting technique
Standardized testing procedures
Explanation & Demonstration:
proper lifting technique.
Observation & Correction of Performance Errors:
Prevent cheating
Starting position (Bench press, Push-ups)
Grip width (narrow vs. wide)
Grip type (pronated vs. supinated)
131
Q

what are some environmental factors that affect the test

A

Room Temperature
Humidity
Clean
Quiet

EXCI 252: INTRO TO PHYS ACT (9 decks)

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