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Concise EMT Crash Course > *(Chapter 6) Anatomy And Physiology/ Medical Terminology > Flashcards

*(Chapter 6) Anatomy And Physiology/ Medical Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Q: What is Anatomy?

A

A: Study of the structure of the body.

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2
Q

Q: What is Physiology?

A

A: Study of the function of the body.

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3
Q

Q: What is Homeostasis?

A

A: Self-regulating process where the body functions optimally while adjusting to varying conditions.

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4
Q

Q: What is Pathophysiology?

A

A: Study of disease or injury.

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5
Q

Q: What is Perfusion?

A

A: Adequate circulation of blood throughout the body.

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6
Q

Q: What is Shock?

A

A: Inadequate perfusion.

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7
Q

Q: What is the Midsagittal Plane?

A

A: Divides the body into equal left and right sides.

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8
Q

Q: What is the Transverse Plane?

A

A: Divides the body into top and bottom at the level of the umbilicus (belly button).

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9
Q

Q: What is the Frontal (Coronal) Plane?

A

A: Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

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10
Q

Q: What does “Anterior” or “Ventral” mean?

A

A: Refers to the front of the body.

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11
Q

Q: What does “Posterior” or “Dorsal” mean?

A

A: Refers to the back of the body.

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12
Q

Q: What does “Superior” mean?

A

A: Toward the top or above.

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13
Q

Q: What does “Inferior” mean?

A

A: Toward the bottom or below.

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14
Q

Q: What does “Proximal” mean?

A

A: Closer to the point of attachment.

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15
Q

Q: What does “Distal” mean?

A

A: Farther from the point of attachment.

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16
Q

Q: What does “Medial” mean?

A

A: Toward the midline.

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17
Q

Q: What does “Lateral” mean?

A

A: Away from the midline.

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18
Q

Q: What is Abduction?

A

A: Movement away from the midline.

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19
Q

Q: What is Adduction?

A

A: Movement toward the midline.

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20
Q

Q: What is Flexion?

A

A: Bending a joint to decrease the angle of the joint.

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21
Q

Q: What is Extension?

A

A: Straightening a joint to increase the angle of the joint.

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22
Q

Q: What is the Supine Position?

A

A: Lying on your back, face up.

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23
Q

Q: What is the Prone Position?

A

A: Lying on your stomach, face down.

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24
Q

Q: What is the Fowler Position?

A

A: Sitting position with the head elevated.

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25
Q

Q: What is the Recovery Position?

A

A: Lying on the left or right side.

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26
Q

Q: What are the four abdominal quadrants?

A

A: Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ).

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27
Q

Q: What is the anatomical position?

A

A: The body is standing, arms at the sides, palms forward, thumbs out.

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28
Q

Q: What is the function of the skeletal system?

A

A: Provides shape, allows movement, and protects internal organs.

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29
Q

Q: How many bones are in the human body?

A

A: 206 bones.

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30
Q

Q: What connects bone to bone?

A

A: Ligaments.

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31
Q

Q: What connects bone to muscle?

A

A: Tendons.

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32
Q

Q: What is cartilage?

A

A: A connective tissue that allows smooth movement of joints.

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33
Q

Q: What is included in the axial skeleton?

A

A: Skull, spinal column, and ribcage.

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34
Q

Q: What are the bones of the skull?

A

A: Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, maxillae, mandible, zygomatic, nasal bones.

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35
Q

Q: What is the spinal column’s function?

A

A: Provides central support and protects the spinal cord.

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36
Q

Q: How many vertebrae are in the spinal column?

A

A: 33 vertebrae (9 fused).

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37
Q

Q: Name the sections of the spinal column.

A

A: Cervical spine (7), thoracic spine (12), lumbar spine (5), sacrum (5 fused), coccyx (4 fused).

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38
Q

Q: What is the sternum composed of?

A

A: Manubrium (upper portion), body (middle portion), xiphoid process (inferior tip).

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39
Q

Q: What does the appendicular skeleton include?

A

A: Bones of the arms, legs, and pelvis.

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40
Q

Q: What bones form the shoulder girdle?

A

A: Clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade).

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41
Q

Q: Name the bones of the arm.

A

A: Humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges.

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42
Q

Q: What are the three bones of the pelvis?

A

A: Ilium, ischium, and pubis.

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43
Q

Q: Name the bones of the leg.

A

A: Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.

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44
Q

Q: What are the three types of joints?

A

A: Symphysis (limited motion), ball-and-socket (free motion), hinge (unidirectional motion).

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45
Q

Q: What are the three types of muscles?

A

A: Smooth muscle (involuntary), skeletal muscle (voluntary), cardiac muscle (heart muscle).

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46
Q

Q: What does “abduction” mean in terms of movement?

A

A: Movement away from the midline.

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47
Q

Q: What does “adduction” mean in terms of movement?

A

A: Movement toward the midline.

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48
Q

Q: What is “extension”?

A

A: Straightening a joint (increasing the angle).

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49
Q

Q: What is “flexion”?

A

A: Bending a joint (decreasing the angle).

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50
Q

Q: What is the supine position?

A

A: Lying on your back, face up.

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51
Q

Q: What is the prone position?

A

A: Lying on your stomach, face down.

52
Q

Q: What is the Fowler position?

A

A: Seated with the head elevated.

53
Q

Q: What is the recovery position?

A

A: Lying on the left or right side.

54
Q

Q: What are the four abdominal quadrants?

A

A: Left upper (LUQ), right upper (RUQ), left lower (LLQ), right lower (RLQ).

55
Q

Q: What is the function of the frontal bone?

A

A: Forehead. The frontal lobe controls decision-making, emotions, movement, speech, and social behavior.

56
Q

Q: What is the function of the occipital bone?

A

A: Posterior portion of the skull.

57
Q

Q: What is the function of the temporal bones?

A

A: Lateral bones above the cheekbones.

58
Q

Q: What is the foramen magnum?

A

A: Opening in the occipital bone connecting to the spinal cord.

59
Q

Q: What is the function of the sternum?

A

A: Protects the thoracic cavity, supports ribs and clavicle.

60
Q

Q: What is the main function of the respiratory system?

A

A: Provides the body with oxygen, eliminates carbon dioxide, and helps regulate pH levels to maintain homeostasis.

61
Q

Q: What are the components of the upper airway?

A

A: Nose, mouth, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx (laryngopharynx), and epiglottis.

62
Q

Q: What is the most common cause of upper-airway obstruction?

A

A: The tongue.

63
Q

Q: What does the circulatory system include?

A

A: All blood vessels, capillaries, and the heart; also called the cardiovascular system.

64
Q

Q: What is the function of the right pump of the heart?

A

A: It receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it to the lungs to drop off carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen.

65
Q

Q: What is the function of the left pump of the heart?

A

A: It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it throughout the body.

66
Q

Q: What separates the left and right sides of the heart?

A

A: A septal wall.

67
Q

Q: Name the three layers of the heart wall from innermost to outermost.

A

A: Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium.

68
Q

Q: What is the function of the atria?

A

A: They are the upper chambers that receive blood and pump it into the ventricles.

69
Q

Q: What is the function of the ventricles?

A

A: They are the lower chambers that pump blood out of the heart to the lungs or the body.

70
Q

Q: What are heart valves and their purpose?

A

A: One-way valves that allow blood to move in a downward direction and prevent backflow.

71
Q

Q: What are the primary parts of the cardiac conduction system?

A

A: Sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) junction, and bundle of His.

72
Q

Q: What is the normal heart rate generated by the sinoatrial (SA) node?

A

A: 60 to 100 beats per minute.

73
Q

Q: What is preload in the context of cardiac contraction?

A

A: The precontraction pressure based on the amount of blood returning to the heart.

74
Q

Q: What is afterload in cardiac contraction?

A

A: The resistance the heart must overcome during ventricular contraction.

75
Q

Q: Describe the pathway of oxygen-rich blood through the cardiovascular system.

A

A: It exits the left heart through the aorta, travels through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and returns to the right heart through veins.

76
Q

Q: What is systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?

A

A: The resistance to blood flow throughout the body (excluding the pulmonary system).

77
Q

Q: How does vasoconstriction affect blood pressure?

A

A: It increases SVR and raises blood pressure.

78
Q

Q: How does vasodilation affect blood pressure?

A

A: It decreases SVR and lowers blood pressure.

79
Q

Q: Name the central arterial pulses.

A

A: Carotid pulse, femoral pulse.

80
Q

Q: Name the peripheral arterial pulses.

A

A: Radial pulse, brachial pulse, dorsalis pedis pulse.

81
Q

Q: Which pulse is located in the neck?

A

A: The carotid pulse.

82
Q

Q: Which pulse is located on the wrist on the thumb side?

A

A: The radial pulse.

83
Q

Q: Which pulse is located at the top of the foot?

A

A: The dorsalis pedis pulse.

84
Q

Q: What is the primary artery carrying oxygenated blood from the heart?

A

A: The aorta.

85
Q

Q: Which vein carries oxygenated blood?

A

A: The pulmonary vein.

86
Q

Q: Which artery carries deoxygenated blood?

A

A: The pulmonary artery.

87
Q

Q: What is the normal heart rate for an adult?

A

A: 60 to 100 beats per minute.

88
Q

Q: What is the normal heart rate for a child?

A

A: 80 to 120 beats per minute.

89
Q

Q: What is the normal heart rate for an infant?

A

A: 100 to 160 beats per minute.

90
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma, Red blood cells (erythrocytes), White blood cells (leukocytes), and Platelets.

91
Q

What is plasma?

A

The liquid component of blood, made mostly of water.

92
Q

What are red blood cells responsible for?

A

Carrying oxygen throughout the body.

93
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Fighting infections and defending against invading organisms.

94
Q

What role do platelets play?

A

They are essential for clot formation to stop bleeding.

95
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries.

96
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

The pressure exerted during the contraction of the left ventricle.

97
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

The pressure between contractions.

98
Q

What is perfusion?

A

The flow of blood throughout the body to supply tissues and organs.

99
Q

What happens during hypoperfusion?

A

Blood flow is compromised, leading to shock and endangerment of the body.

100
Q

What does the central nervous system (CNS) include?

A

The brain and spinal cord.

101
Q

What is the primary function of the CNS?

A

Command and control of the nervous system.

102
Q

What are the main parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.

103
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A

Controls thought, memory, and the senses.

104
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates voluntary movement, balance, and fine motor skills.

105
Q

What does the brainstem control?

A

Essential body functions like breathing and consciousness.

106
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

Nerve structures outside the CNS that send information to and from the CNS.

107
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

A

Sensory division (sends sensory info to CNS) and motor division (sends commands from CNS to the body).

108
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Involuntary portion of the PNS controlling functions like heart rate and digestion.

109
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

The skin, which serves as a protective barrier for the body.

110
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.

111
Q

What does the epidermis do?

A

Provides a protective outer layer and contains five sub-layers.

112
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A

Blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands, and hair follicles.

113
Q

What is the subcutaneous tissue?

A

The fatty tissue beneath the dermis.

114
Q

What is the abdominal cavity?

A

The area containing organs for digestion and excretion.

115
Q

What divides the abdominal cavity?

A

The transverse and midline.

116
Q

What organs are found in the abdominal cavity?

A

Esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, spleen, and kidneys.

117
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A system of glands that secrete hormones to regulate body functions.

118
Q

What is the urinary system responsible for?

A

Filtering waste, maintaining fluid balance, and controlling pH balance.

119
Q

What does the male reproductive system include?

A

Testicles, penis, sperm; the prostate gland surrounds the urethra near the bladder.

120
Q

What does the female reproductive system include?

A

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina.

121
Q

What is ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)?

A

A cellular energy source created when the body uses oxygen to convert nutrients.

122
Q

What are the waste products of aerobic metabolism?

A

Water and carbon dioxide.

123
Q

What is anaerobic metabolism?

A

Creation of energy without oxygen; less efficient and produces lactic acid.

124
Q

What is a key difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?

A

Aerobic metabolism requires oxygen and is more efficient; anaerobic metabolism does not and results in lactic acid buildup.

125
Q

What are the three key anatomical differences in infants compared to adults?

A
  1. Larger tongue in proportion to airway, 2. More easily obstructed airway, 3. Larger head relative to body size.

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