*(Chapter 6) Anatomy And Physiology/ Medical Terminology Flashcards
Q: What is Anatomy?
A: Study of the structure of the body.
Q: What is Physiology?
A: Study of the function of the body.
Q: What is Homeostasis?
A: Self-regulating process where the body functions optimally while adjusting to varying conditions.
Q: What is Pathophysiology?
A: Study of disease or injury.
Q: What is Perfusion?
A: Adequate circulation of blood throughout the body.
Q: What is Shock?
A: Inadequate perfusion.
Q: What is the Midsagittal Plane?
A: Divides the body into equal left and right sides.
Q: What is the Transverse Plane?
A: Divides the body into top and bottom at the level of the umbilicus (belly button).
Q: What is the Frontal (Coronal) Plane?
A: Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
Q: What does “Anterior” or “Ventral” mean?
A: Refers to the front of the body.
Q: What does “Posterior” or “Dorsal” mean?
A: Refers to the back of the body.
Q: What does “Superior” mean?
A: Toward the top or above.
Q: What does “Inferior” mean?
A: Toward the bottom or below.
Q: What does “Proximal” mean?
A: Closer to the point of attachment.
Q: What does “Distal” mean?
A: Farther from the point of attachment.
Q: What does “Medial” mean?
A: Toward the midline.
Q: What does “Lateral” mean?
A: Away from the midline.
Q: What is Abduction?
A: Movement away from the midline.
Q: What is Adduction?
A: Movement toward the midline.
Q: What is Flexion?
A: Bending a joint to decrease the angle of the joint.
Q: What is Extension?
A: Straightening a joint to increase the angle of the joint.
Q: What is the Supine Position?
A: Lying on your back, face up.
Q: What is the Prone Position?
A: Lying on your stomach, face down.
Q: What is the Fowler Position?
A: Sitting position with the head elevated.
Q: What is the Recovery Position?
A: Lying on the left or right side.
Q: What are the four abdominal quadrants?
A: Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ).
Q: What is the anatomical position?
A: The body is standing, arms at the sides, palms forward, thumbs out.
Q: What is the function of the skeletal system?
A: Provides shape, allows movement, and protects internal organs.
Q: How many bones are in the human body?
A: 206 bones.
Q: What connects bone to bone?
A: Ligaments.
Q: What connects bone to muscle?
A: Tendons.
Q: What is cartilage?
A: A connective tissue that allows smooth movement of joints.
Q: What is included in the axial skeleton?
A: Skull, spinal column, and ribcage.
Q: What are the bones of the skull?
A: Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, maxillae, mandible, zygomatic, nasal bones.
Q: What is the spinal column’s function?
A: Provides central support and protects the spinal cord.
Q: How many vertebrae are in the spinal column?
A: 33 vertebrae (9 fused).
Q: Name the sections of the spinal column.
A: Cervical spine (7), thoracic spine (12), lumbar spine (5), sacrum (5 fused), coccyx (4 fused).
Q: What is the sternum composed of?
A: Manubrium (upper portion), body (middle portion), xiphoid process (inferior tip).
Q: What does the appendicular skeleton include?
A: Bones of the arms, legs, and pelvis.
Q: What bones form the shoulder girdle?
A: Clavicle (collarbone) and scapula (shoulder blade).
Q: Name the bones of the arm.
A: Humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges.
Q: What are the three bones of the pelvis?
A: Ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Q: Name the bones of the leg.
A: Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges.
Q: What are the three types of joints?
A: Symphysis (limited motion), ball-and-socket (free motion), hinge (unidirectional motion).
Q: What are the three types of muscles?
A: Smooth muscle (involuntary), skeletal muscle (voluntary), cardiac muscle (heart muscle).
Q: What does “abduction” mean in terms of movement?
A: Movement away from the midline.
Q: What does “adduction” mean in terms of movement?
A: Movement toward the midline.
Q: What is “extension”?
A: Straightening a joint (increasing the angle).
Q: What is “flexion”?
A: Bending a joint (decreasing the angle).
Q: What is the supine position?
A: Lying on your back, face up.
Q: What is the prone position?
A: Lying on your stomach, face down.
Q: What is the Fowler position?
A: Seated with the head elevated.
Q: What is the recovery position?
A: Lying on the left or right side.
Q: What are the four abdominal quadrants?
A: Left upper (LUQ), right upper (RUQ), left lower (LLQ), right lower (RLQ).
Q: What is the function of the frontal bone?
A: Forehead. The frontal lobe controls decision-making, emotions, movement, speech, and social behavior.
Q: What is the function of the occipital bone?
A: Posterior portion of the skull.
Q: What is the function of the temporal bones?
A: Lateral bones above the cheekbones.
Q: What is the foramen magnum?
A: Opening in the occipital bone connecting to the spinal cord.
Q: What is the function of the sternum?
A: Protects the thoracic cavity, supports ribs and clavicle.
Q: What is the main function of the respiratory system?
A: Provides the body with oxygen, eliminates carbon dioxide, and helps regulate pH levels to maintain homeostasis.
Q: What are the components of the upper airway?
A: Nose, mouth, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx (laryngopharynx), and epiglottis.
Q: What is the most common cause of upper-airway obstruction?
A: The tongue.
Q: What does the circulatory system include?
A: All blood vessels, capillaries, and the heart; also called the cardiovascular system.
Q: What is the function of the right pump of the heart?
A: It receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it to the lungs to drop off carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen.
Q: What is the function of the left pump of the heart?
A: It receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it throughout the body.
Q: What separates the left and right sides of the heart?
A: A septal wall.
Q: Name the three layers of the heart wall from innermost to outermost.
A: Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium.
Q: What is the function of the atria?
A: They are the upper chambers that receive blood and pump it into the ventricles.
Q: What is the function of the ventricles?
A: They are the lower chambers that pump blood out of the heart to the lungs or the body.
Q: What are heart valves and their purpose?
A: One-way valves that allow blood to move in a downward direction and prevent backflow.
Q: What are the primary parts of the cardiac conduction system?
A: Sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) junction, and bundle of His.
Q: What is the normal heart rate generated by the sinoatrial (SA) node?
A: 60 to 100 beats per minute.
Q: What is preload in the context of cardiac contraction?
A: The precontraction pressure based on the amount of blood returning to the heart.
Q: What is afterload in cardiac contraction?
A: The resistance the heart must overcome during ventricular contraction.
Q: Describe the pathway of oxygen-rich blood through the cardiovascular system.
A: It exits the left heart through the aorta, travels through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and returns to the right heart through veins.
Q: What is systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?
A: The resistance to blood flow throughout the body (excluding the pulmonary system).
Q: How does vasoconstriction affect blood pressure?
A: It increases SVR and raises blood pressure.
Q: How does vasodilation affect blood pressure?
A: It decreases SVR and lowers blood pressure.
Q: Name the central arterial pulses.
A: Carotid pulse, femoral pulse.
Q: Name the peripheral arterial pulses.
A: Radial pulse, brachial pulse, dorsalis pedis pulse.
Q: Which pulse is located in the neck?
A: The carotid pulse.
Q: Which pulse is located on the wrist on the thumb side?
A: The radial pulse.
Q: Which pulse is located at the top of the foot?
A: The dorsalis pedis pulse.
Q: What is the primary artery carrying oxygenated blood from the heart?
A: The aorta.
Q: Which vein carries oxygenated blood?
A: The pulmonary vein.
Q: Which artery carries deoxygenated blood?
A: The pulmonary artery.
Q: What is the normal heart rate for an adult?
A: 60 to 100 beats per minute.
Q: What is the normal heart rate for a child?
A: 80 to 120 beats per minute.
Q: What is the normal heart rate for an infant?
A: 100 to 160 beats per minute.
What are the components of blood?
Plasma, Red blood cells (erythrocytes), White blood cells (leukocytes), and Platelets.
What is plasma?
The liquid component of blood, made mostly of water.
What are red blood cells responsible for?
Carrying oxygen throughout the body.
What is the function of white blood cells?
Fighting infections and defending against invading organisms.
What role do platelets play?
They are essential for clot formation to stop bleeding.
What is blood pressure?
The pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries.
What is systolic pressure?
The pressure exerted during the contraction of the left ventricle.
What is diastolic pressure?
The pressure between contractions.
What is perfusion?
The flow of blood throughout the body to supply tissues and organs.
What happens during hypoperfusion?
Blood flow is compromised, leading to shock and endangerment of the body.
What does the central nervous system (CNS) include?
The brain and spinal cord.
What is the primary function of the CNS?
Command and control of the nervous system.
What are the main parts of the brain?
Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
What is the function of the cerebrum?
Controls thought, memory, and the senses.
What is the role of the cerebellum?
Coordinates voluntary movement, balance, and fine motor skills.
What does the brainstem control?
Essential body functions like breathing and consciousness.
What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Nerve structures outside the CNS that send information to and from the CNS.
What are the two divisions of the PNS?
Sensory division (sends sensory info to CNS) and motor division (sends commands from CNS to the body).
What is the autonomic nervous system?
Involuntary portion of the PNS controlling functions like heart rate and digestion.
What is the integumentary system?
The skin, which serves as a protective barrier for the body.
What are the layers of the skin?
Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.
What does the epidermis do?
Provides a protective outer layer and contains five sub-layers.
What does the dermis contain?
Blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat glands, and hair follicles.
What is the subcutaneous tissue?
The fatty tissue beneath the dermis.
What is the abdominal cavity?
The area containing organs for digestion and excretion.
What divides the abdominal cavity?
The transverse and midline.
What organs are found in the abdominal cavity?
Esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, spleen, and kidneys.
What is the endocrine system?
A system of glands that secrete hormones to regulate body functions.
What is the urinary system responsible for?
Filtering waste, maintaining fluid balance, and controlling pH balance.
What does the male reproductive system include?
Testicles, penis, sperm; the prostate gland surrounds the urethra near the bladder.
What does the female reproductive system include?
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina.
What is ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)?
A cellular energy source created when the body uses oxygen to convert nutrients.
What are the waste products of aerobic metabolism?
Water and carbon dioxide.
What is anaerobic metabolism?
Creation of energy without oxygen; less efficient and produces lactic acid.
What is a key difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?
Aerobic metabolism requires oxygen and is more efficient; anaerobic metabolism does not and results in lactic acid buildup.
What are the three key anatomical differences in infants compared to adults?
- Larger tongue in proportion to airway, 2. More easily obstructed airway, 3. Larger head relative to body size.
