Chapter 6: An Introduction to Debt Instruments Flashcards
Debt Instrument
Written agreement/formal promise that allows the issuer to generate capital by vowing to pay back the lender according to the stipulations of the agreement
What are some examples of long term debt instruments?
Bonds, mortgages, and long-term loans
What are some examples of medium/short term debt instruments?
Working loans, treasury bills, and short-term loans
Bond
Fixed-yield financial tool that characterizes credit extended by an investor to a debtor, generally governmental or commercial entities
Term Bonds
Requires repayment of the principal sum at a single maturity date
Sinking Fund
Investment pool specifically designated to earmark monetary reserves that will be used to settle the debt as it comes due and payable
Serial Bonds
Requires payments in installments over a period of time
Zero-Coupon Bond
Holder does not receive interest but trades at a deep discount and investor receives profit at maturity
What is an example of a zero-coupon bond?
Treasury bills
Zero-coupon bonds eliminate what?
Reinvestment risk
Bond Maturity
Point in time where the holder of the bond will receive a return that includes interest
Is the interest earned from zero-coupon bonds taxed?
Yes
How does interest accumulate for zero-coupon bonds?
Semi-annually at a predetermined rate
Carrying Value
Face value adjusted for any premium or discount
Carrying Value Equation
Bonds payable + premium on bonds - discount on bonds
Reinvestment Risk
Bonds pay periodic interest but there is risk that payments will have to be reinvested at lower cost
Why do bond prices fluctuate?
Because they depend on income provided by coupon payments related to interests
Interest-Rate Risk
Any potential change in overall interest rate will reduce the value of a bond
Credit Risk
Loss from borrower’s failure to repay a loan or failure to meet the contractual obligations
Examples of credit rating companies
Standard and Poor’s, Fitch Ratings, Moody’s Investor Services
Credit Rating
Tool that determines fiscal responsibility of a borrower, either in relation to a specific debt or more generally
Investment Grade
Allow money to be loaned and investments to be made
Speculative Grade
Carries substantial credit risk and indicates a higher risk that issuers may not meet their obligations
Coupon Rate
Interest rate an issuer agrees to pay every year on a fixed-income security
Benefit of government securities
Low default risk; interest exempt from local or state taxes; issued at par value
Bond Yield
Return an investor receives annually
Bond yields are inversely related to…
Bond Prices
Normal Yield
Up-sloped curve that indicates that yields rise on a long-term bond
Current Yield
Ratio of interest rate payable on a bond to the actual market price of the bond represented as a percentage
Yield to Maturity
Promised compound rate of return received from a bond purchased at the current market price and then held until its maturity
Retiring Debt Before Maturity
Happens when a long-term debt of a company is retired before maturity
Call Provision
Clause embedded in the contractual agreement governing a bond or any similar fixed-income instrument that grants the issues the prerogative to repurchase and subsequently retire the debt security
Optional Call Provision
Bond can be called whenever the issuer feels like calling it
Sinking Fund Call Provision
Issuer redeems a specific number of bonds on a set schedule
Extraordinary Call Provision
Issuer redeems the bonds when certain conditions have been met
Mandatory Call Provision
Issuer specifies the circumstances when they might call the bond
Put Provision
Gives the bond owner the right to cash it in at its face value at a predetermined time before its maturity date
Convertible Debenture
Form of financial debt that is issued by a corporate identity; can be converted into shares after a predetermined duration
Convertible bond offers investors what?
Security of a debt instrument along with the high growth potential of an equity investment
Fully Convertible Debenture
Whole value of the debentures can be converted into equity shares
Partially Convertible Debenture
Only part of the debentures are eligible for conversion into equity shares
Conversion Parity Price
Price an investor has paid for the conversion of a company’s bonds into shares