Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Chapter 6: acid base balance > Flashcards

Chapter 6: acid base balance Flashcards

1
Q

What are buffers of pH?

A

Chemicals that combine with an acid or base to change pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do buffers do?

A

Immediate reaction to counteract pH variations until compensation is initiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the four major buffer mechanisms?

A

Four major buffer mechanisms—the bicarbonate–carbonic acid system, phosphate system, hemoglobin system, and protein system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is the Bicarbonate–Carbonic Acid System most significant?

A

Most significant in the extracellular fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the key players in the Bicarbonate–Carbonic

Acid System?

A

Carbonic acid and bicarbonate are the key players.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does carbonic acid form?

A

Carbonic acid forms from carbon dioxide reacting with water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the equation of acid base compensation?

A

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3−

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does potassium do to maintain pH?

A

Potassium and hydrogen move interchangeably into and out of the cell to balance pH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens with extracellular excess of potassium?

A

With extracellular excess, hydrogen moves inside the cell for buffering; in exchange, potassium moves out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Can potassium imbalances lead to pH imbalances?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does respiratory regulation do to maintain pH

A

Manages pH by altering carbon dioxide excretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does breathing faster do to pH?

A

Breathing faster will excrete more carbon dioxide, decreasing acidity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does breathing slower do to pH?

A

Breathing slower will excrete less carbon dioxide, increasing acidity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does respiratory regulation use?

A

chemoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is respiratory regulation fast or slow?

A

fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does renal regulation do to maintain pH?

A

Alters the excretion or retention of hydrogen or bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When is renal regulation more effective?

A

More effective as hydrogen removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is renal regulation fast or slow?

A

Responds the slowest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does compensation do to maintain pH?

A

Diseases are compensated by different organs in the bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where are metabolic diseases compensated for?

A

Metabolic disease is compensated by the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

If kidney disease impairs acid excretion what do the lungs do?

A

get rid of excess acid as CO2

22
Q

Where is pulmonary disease compensated?

A

the kidneys

23
Q

If pulmonary disease impairs excretion of CO what do the kidneys do?

A

retain bicarbonate and excrete H

24
Q

What is the arterial blood gas value of pH?

A

7.35-7.45

25
Q

What is the arterial blood gas value of PCO2?

A

35-45 mm Hg

26
Q

What is the arterial blood gas value of PO2?

A

80 -100 mmHg

27
Q

What is the arterial blood gas value of HCO^3?

A

22-26 mEq/L

28
Q

What happens when there is a respiratory acid base imbalance?

A

impaired ventilation

29
Q

What are the acid base imbalances with respiratory acidosis?

A

low ph and high pco2

30
Q

What are the acid base imbalances with respiratory alkalosis?

A

high ph and low pco2

31
Q

What happens when there is a metabolic acid base imbalance?

A

renal issues

32
Q

What are the acid base imbalances with metabolic acidosis?

A

low ph and low hco3

33
Q

What are the acid base imbalances with metabolic alkalosis?

A

high ph and high hco3

34
Q

What would be the mixed combinations of primary imbalances?

A

low ph high pco2, and low hco3

high ph low pco2, and high hco3

35
Q

How do you compensate for respiratory acidosis?

A

high hco3

36
Q

How do you compensate for respiratory alkalosis?

A

low hco3

37
Q

How do you compensate for metabolic acidosis?

A

low pco2

38
Q

How do you compensate for metabolic alkalosis?

A

high pco2

39
Q

What causes respiratory acidosis?

A

Caused by conditions that result in hypoventilation or decreased gas exchange
-Include pulmonary disease/infection, airway obstructions, pulmonary edema, drug overdose, respiratory failure, and nervous system depression

40
Q

What are the manifestations of respiratory acidosis?

A
  • Appear as regulatory systems fail to maintain pH within normal range
  • Occur in combination with manifestations of underlying condition
  • Include disorientation, lethargy, coma, decreased vascular tone, decreased myocardial contractility, dysrhythmias
41
Q

What are the causes of respiratory alkalosis?

A

Caused by conditions that result in hyperventilation

-Include acute anxiety, pain, fever, hypoxia, medications, and hypermetabolic states

42
Q

What are the manifestations of respiratory alkalosis?

A
  • Appear as pH outside of normal range
  • Occur with manifestations of underlying condition
  • Include dizziness, seizures, and coma (decreased cerebral blood flow)
43
Q

What are the causes of metabolic acidosis?

A

Causes
Bicarbonate deficit: intestinal and renal losses
Acid excess: tissue hypoxia resulting in lactic acid accumulation (anaerobic metabolism, hypermetabolism), ketoacidosis (DKA, alcoholism, starvation), and renal retention

44
Q

What are the manifestations of metabolic acidosis?

A
  • Appear as pH outside of normal range
  • Occur with manifestations of underlying condition
  • Include fatigue, coma, nausea, vomiting, hypotension, dysrhythmias, Kussmaul’s respirations, and hyperkalemia
45
Q

What is the anion gap and what is it helpful with?

A
  • Identifies the anions that are not measured.

- Helpful in determining the cause of metabolic acidosis.

46
Q

What will increase the anion gap?

A

conditions that cause the excess acid

47
Q

What are the causes of metabolic alkalosis?

A

Excess bicarbonate: excessive antacid use, use of bicarbonate-containing fluids
Deficient acid: gastrointestinal loss, hypokalemia, renal loss, hypovolemia

48
Q

What are the manifestations of metabolic alkalosis?

A

Appear as pH outside of normal range
Occur with manifestations of underlying condition
Include mental confusion, hyperactive reflexes, seizures, respiratory depression, dysrhythmias

49
Q

What is the arterial blood gas interpretation of pH?

A

serum hydrogen concentration

Indicates acid–base status

50
Q

What is the arterial blood gas interpretation of PaCO2?

A

partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Indicates the adequacy of pulmonary ventilation

51
Q

What is the arterial blood gas interpretation of HCO3?

A

bicarbonate

Indicates the activity in the kidneys to retain or excrete bicarbonate

52
Q

What is the arterial blood gas interpretation of PaO2?

A

partial pressure of oxygen

Indicates serum oxygen concentration

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions