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Pathophysiology > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of cardiac function?

A

Transport food and Oxygen to tissues, remove CO2 and waste

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2
Q

What is Pulmonary or central circulation?

A

Blood in the heart and pulmonary circulation linked to gas exchange

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3
Q

What is Systemic or peripheral circulation?

A

Blood not in the central circulation which perfuse tissues of the body

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4
Q

What is involved in the pulmonary circuit?

A

lungs and veins and arteries going to and from the heart

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5
Q

What is involved in the systemic circuit?

A

all other areas of the body including the heart

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6
Q

What areas of the body have 4% total blood volume each?

A

left ventricle and capilliaries, right ventricle & pulmonary arteries combined

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7
Q

What area of the body has 64% of the total blood volume?

A

veins

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8
Q

What areas of the body make up 16% of the total blood volume?

A

aorta, large arteries, small arteries, and artieroles

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9
Q

What does the fluid flow through a vessel depend on?

A

The pressure difference between the ends of the vessel and the vessel’s resistance to fluid flow

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10
Q

What does the pressure difference between the ends of the vessel do?

A

The pressure pushes fluid through and keeps the vessel from collapsing

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11
Q

What does the vessel’s resistance to fluid flow do?

A

The smaller vessels will have more resistance and the thicker fluids will have greater resistance

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12
Q

What does the blood flow through a vessel depend on?

A

The heart creating pressure at different ends of the vessel and the vessel’s resistance to blood flow

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13
Q

How does the heart create difference between pressures at the end of the vessels?

A

The heart pushes the blood through and the blood pressure keeps the vessels open

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14
Q

What increases the vessel’s resistance to blood flow?

A

Constricting artieroles and increased hematocrit`

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15
Q

Where is the velocity of blood flow the greatest?

A

In the middle of the vessel of and where it is smaller

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16
Q

What is laminar flow?

A

blood flows without disturbances parallel

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17
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

Blood flow is disturbed

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18
Q

What is happening during the P wave?

A

depolarization of the atria

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19
Q

What is happening in the during the p interval?

A

delay in av node

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20
Q

What is happening during QRS?

A

depolarization of the ventricle

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21
Q

What is happing during the t wave?

A

repolarization of the ventricles

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22
Q

What is happening during diastole?

A

Your ventricles are relaxed while the blood flows into the atria then to the ventricles. The av valves are open and the sl valves are closed

23
Q

What is happening during systole?

A

The ventricles are contracting and blood shoots out. The av valves are closed at the very beginning and sl valves open up to eject blood

24
Q

What is cardiac output (CO)?

A

the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute (CO=SV x HR)

25
Q

What is stroke volume (SV)?

A

Amount of blood the fills the left ventricle during diastole

26
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle during systole (~60%)

27
Q

What is preload?

A

the work (and stretch) on the heart before contraction begins. Is determined by volume of venous return. The more blood that returns will induce a stronger contraction (Starling’s Law).

28
Q

What is afterload?

A

the work on the heart after contraction begins. Is determined by systemic & pulmonic arterial blood pressure and narrowing of the aortic valve.

29
Q

What is cardiac contractility?

A

ability of the heart to change the force of contraction, mainly controlled by inotropic mechanisms and Ca+

30
Q

What collateral circulation?

A

perfusion of an area by more than one artery. Develops when an artery is occluded to the affected area.

31
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output x Peripheral Vascular Resistance

32
Q

What is the difference between an artery and a vein structure?

A

arteries have 2 layers of tunica intima

33
Q

What is the wall of a vein like?

A

thin walled and distensible (flexible)

34
Q

How much of the blood is stored in the veins?

A

2/3

35
Q

What prevents backflow of blood in the veins?

A

valves

36
Q

What can cause clots in veins?

A

turbulent blood flow can cause clots near valves

37
Q

What are the walls of capilaries like?

A

they are single celled thickness with pores and cell junctions. Soluble lipids diffuse through membranes and water moves through pores

38
Q

What is the structure of an artery?

A

3 layers

  1. tunica intima
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica externa
39
Q

What makes up the tunica intima?

A

Endothelium and connective tissue

40
Q

What makes up the tunica media?

A

smooth muscle

41
Q

What makes up the tunica externa?

A

collagen and elastic fibers

42
Q

What is vascular endothelium?

A

When food and oxygen pass into tissues and when wastes and co2 pass from tissues into the blood

43
Q

What is created by vascular endothelium?

A
  • Creates compounds that cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction
  • Creates growth factors that can stimulate smooth muscle
  • Forms a smooth lining of the blood vessels that resists clot formation
  • Creates compounds to promote clot formation in injured areas
44
Q

How is blood pressure controlled normally?

A

through baroreceptors that stimulate the peripheral vascular resistance and the kidney that maintains blood volume with the heart

45
Q

How is the long term control of blood pressure?

A

the lungs

46
Q

What are the levels of prehypertension?

A 
systolic = 120-139
Diastolic = 80-89
47
Q

What are the levels of stage 1 hypertension?

A 
systolic = 140-159
diastolic = 90-99
48
Q

What are the levels of stage 2 hypertension?

A 
systolic = greater than 160
diastolic = greater than 100
49
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

Average pressure in the arteries during a single cardiac cycle

50
Q

What are the normal ranges of MAP?

A

70-110 mmHg

51
Q

What is MAP an indicator of?

A

tissue perfusion

52
Q

What does your MAP have to be to stay alive?

A

65

53
Q

How do you calculate MAP?

A

MAP = SBP (systolic) + 2 (DBP-diastolic)

3

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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